 "water crisis")
As the proverbial Indian summer sets in and taps dry up across large swathes of the country, India faces an acute shortage of safe and sustainable water, specifically groundwater, a crisis that will exacerbate with factors like indiscriminate use and climate change, warn experts.
The issue of water sustainability for the years to come centres around critical water sources such as reservoirs and groundwater.
Last week, the World Resources Institute (WRI), basing its findings on a new early warning satellite system, warned that shrinking reservoirs in India could result in water taps going completely dry in the country. Experts also point to research establishing the criticality of groundwater for India's agriculture-dependent people.
"Almost 70-80 per cent of the population of South Asia (including India) is dependent on groundwater for drinking and agricultural irrigation," said leading IIT Kharagpur hydrogeologist Abhijit Mukherjee.
The northern and eastern parts lose groundwater at rates of 8 and 5 cubic km each year, respectively, he added.
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According to a 2012 World Bank report, India is the largest user of groundwater in the world. It uses an estimated 230 cubic km of groundwater per year - over a quarter of the global total.
India's huge groundwater-dependent population, uncertain climate-reliant recharge processes and indiscriminate land use changes with urbanization are among the many factors that have rendered the Indian groundwater scenario to become a global paradigm for water scarcity, for both quantity and quality, Mukherjee said.
He also blamed trans-boundary upstream water sources and archaic irrigation methods for the water shortage.
India has already started facing acute safe and sustainable water shortage, specifically that of groundwater. If proper measures are not taken on an immediate basis, this would exponentially increase, Mukherjee, who is from the Department of Geology & Geophysics School of Environmental Science and Engineering, added.
The indiscriminate use of rivers and other surface-water bodies in many areas for disposal of sewage and industrial waste has rendered them non-potable, Mukherjee said.
Ganga water, in his view, is the worst of the lot with heavy pollutant load of contaminants like heavy metals sourced from industrial discharge, sewage and open-defecation waste, as well as pesticides and other organic pollutants from agricultural activities.
A L Ramanathan from the School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) in New Delhi, agreed with him.
Water shortage is a very serious issue facing India and its ramifications will be felt in the coming years, he said, citing excess water pumping, non-implementation of restriction-rules, and unlawful drilling of wells among other factors for the situation.
The situation can be reversed, the experts said.
The crisis can be tackled by restoring and enhancing groundwater recharge areas, stopping polluted water from recharging groundwater, rainwater and roof top harvesting and the restoration of ponds, lakes and other river systems, Ramanathan said.
"Water is a national wealth and should come under Central government and not be a state matter," he said.
Mukherjee, who is editor and a primary author of a new book, "Groundwater of South Asia, which presents recent findings from the South Asian region, noted that the government is contemplating several measures, many of them short to medium term remedies.
However, for more detailed planning, scientifically-prudent, adaptive groundwater management strategies are immediately required to secure, sustain and rejuvenate the accessible, residual, unpolluted groundwater through times of changing socio-economic needs, he said.
Recent studies, he added, do show scenarios of replenishment, potentially caused by policy interventions.
"Thus, proper, pervasive groundwater governance may optimistically lead to possibilities of transforming the country from a 'groundwater-deficient' to 'groundwater sufficient' nation, and providing sustainable water availability for about one-fifth of the global population, in not-so-far future, Mukherjee said.
South Asia, comprising India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, is the most populous and densely populated region of the world. It occupies about four per cent of the world's land area but supports nearly 25 per cent of the global population.
