Electric buses generate 27 percent more revenue and 82 percent more profits than diesel buses per day, according to an Indian Institute of Science (IISc) study evaluating electric vehicles for urban transport.
The findings have special significance because primary mass transit in Indian cities is provided by 150,000 diesel buses, held responsible for contributing to urban smog and carbon emissions that are warming the planet.
As much as 25 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission can be cut every year for every diesel bus replaced by an electric bus, said the IISC study, conducted by Sheela Ramasesha and her group at the Divecha Centre for Climate Change in Bengaluru. Electric buses emit no CO2, but the electricity needed for their charging stations comes primarily from coal-fired power plants, India's primary energy source.
More From This Section
However, if solar panels are set up at the battery charging stations, the annual 25 tonnes of CO2 emission per bus can be further reduced. Put another way, if 150,000 diesel buses were to be replaced by electric buses, 3.7 million tonnes of CO2 emissions could be saved.
Apart from reducing outdoor air pollution - which kills 670,000 people in India every year, according to an Indian Institute of Management-Ahmedabad paper - a clean bus system would aid national carbon-reduction targets. Transport accounts for a tenth of India's greenhouse gas emissions, as we have previously reported, with a 2009 study attributing 95 percent of these emissions to road transport.
India is now the world's fastest-growing major polluter, as we have previously noted, contributing to almost a third of global emissions' growth in 2014.
Electric bus tested made environmental and economic sense
Using a Chinese-built electric bus provided for a three-month free test run to the Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) - India's largest and most-efficiently run bus fleet - Ramasesha and her colleagues ran their tests on a pre-existing route with an average daily travel of less than 200 km (the bus' battery could run 215 km before recharge).
They compared economics and environmental impact of the electric bus with a diesel bus on the same route over a period of 93 days in 2015.
The electric bus was not just cleaner for the environment but also made economic sense. The revenue generated by both buses was almost the same while profits, as we said, were 82 percent higher. This is because the maintenance and variable costs of an electric bus are lower than its diesel cousin and its energy efficiency is higher.
The only downside of the electric bus is its relatively high price - Rs.30,00,000 ($45,000) vs Rs. 8,50,000 for a diesel bus - which could reduce if electric buses are manufactured in India. The bus used for the tests was imported from China.
The electric bus was an easy winner, emitting about 50 kg less CO2 per day than the diesel bus. The diesel bus emitted 77 tonnes of CO2 every year.
The role of diesel heavy vehicles in carbon emission
Diesel-powered buses and trucks contribute higher CO2 than lighter motor vehicles powered by petrol, a study in the journal Atmospheric Environment said in 2009.
In 2010, India and 21 other Asian countries committed to more sustainable transport fuels and technologies, "low-carbon transport initiatives to mitigate the causes of global climate change and to fortify national energy security".
Despite the high initial investment, the absence of tailpipe exhaust fumes, silent running, and lower idling motor energy losses at bus stops or traffic signals could make the electric bus one of those technological options for urban India.
(In arrangement with IndiaSpend.org, a data-driven, non-profit, public interest journalism platform. Deepa Padmanaban is a Bengaluru-based journalist. The views expressed are those of IndiaSpend. Padmanabhan can be reached out at respond@indiaspend.org)
