India's recent general election could be the most important positive economic event of 2014. Voters decisively rejected the Congress party, and are likely to be happy they did. Sonia Gandhi, the party president, had turned the previous prime minister Manmohan Singh into little more than a figurehead. Under her leadership, the Congress pursued a populist agenda that increased transfer payments and reduced India's annual economic growth rate to less than four per cent in 2013. Gross domestic product per capita is still only about $4,000, less than half the level in China.
Narendra Modi campaigned on a platform that promises to deliver to India as a whole the rapid growth in employment and income that Gujarat achieved when he was its chief minister. Under Mr Modi's leadership, Gujarat became a business-friendly state that expanded economic activity, and attracted business investment from both Indian and foreign companies.
That the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) received an absolute majority in the national parliament - an almost unprecedented achievement - means Mr Modi will not have to compromise with the other national or regional parties to pursue his legislative agenda.
Two key officials will help Mr Modi manage his economic programme. The new finance minister, Arun Jaitley, is an experienced political leader who has served in ministerial positions in previous BJP governments. Mr Jaitley is also known as a strategic thinker who is sympathetic to business interests. The head of the Reserve Bank of India will continue to be Raghuram Rajan, a distinguished economist who has already shown his desire to reduce India's near-double-digit annual inflation rate, and to reform some of the inherited counterproductive restrictions on the country's financial sector.
The measures needed to stimulate economic growth will take time to implement and to produce results. But anyone who wants to see whether the new government is acting to achieve faster long-term growth should examine whether progress is being made in the following 10 policy areas.
Education: Although India has excellent institutions of higher education and technology, only a small share of the population can take advantage of the opportunities they offer, because primary and secondary education is so inadequate. Only 60 per cent of the adult population can read and write at an elementary level. Teachers themselves are poorly educated, and many are so unmotivated that they do not even show up at the schools where they are supposed to work.
Infrastructure: India needs better roads and ports to enable efficient transport of products domestically and to the rest of the world. The recent expansion of private airlines and airports shows what private firms in this sector can accomplish.
Fiscal consolidation: Large Budget deficits are eating into the national savings that should be used to expand business investment, and are increasing the national debt that will have to be financed by future taxes.
Privatisation: The enterprises owned by the Indian government in manufacturing and other sectors operate inefficiently and often produce losses that absorb national saving. Selling off these enterprises would contribute directly to accelerating the pace of economic growth.
Removal of subsidies: Subsidised electricity and fuel leads to wasteful overconsumption and contributes to the fiscal deficit. Though these subsidies are politically difficult to eliminate, they should be replaced by cash transfers, which can now be done efficiently owing to Aadhaar, the remarkable new system of fingerprint-based cash transfers.
Agricultural reform: In the current system, the government buys, warehouses and distributes agricultural products. As a result, an enormous amount of goods are spoiled in storage, while production incentives are misdirected. Agricultural markets should be privatised.
Property rights and zoning: Anyone who visits Mumbai or other major Indian cities sees how zoning restrictions cause misuse of urban land and limit modernisation. Ambiguous property rights, especially to agricultural land, prevent industrialisation in rural areas.
Relaxing limits on foreign investment: Foreign firms are now barred from majority ownership of banks and insurance companies. Relaxing such restrictions would strengthen the financial sector and play an important role in economic growth.
Tax reform: India's complex system of national and state sales taxes distorts domestic trade. Replacing these taxes with the goods and services tax, or GST, and using revenue-sharing to the states has been long debated and should now be enacted.
Corruption: Major cases of high-level corruption have undermined economic confidence and impeded official decision-making. India is also handicapped by small-scale corruption, with bribery a common feature of all forms of business and personal transactions. The government should crack down on instances of high-level graft and use the new system of cash transfers to limit the scope of petty corruption.
The Indian stock market is up about 20 per cent this year in anticipation of stronger growth and rising profits. Now it is up to Mr Modi and the BJP to show that they can deliver on their campaign promises.
The writer is professor of economics at Harvard University.
Project Syndicate, 2014
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