People with Vitamin D deficiency are twice as likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia as compared to those who have sufficient levels of the sunshine vitamin, a new study has warned.
Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium and is needed for bone and muscle health. The skin naturally produces this vitamin after exposure to sunlight.
People also obtain smaller amounts of the vitamin through foods, such as milk fortified with vitamin D. More than 1 billion people worldwide are estimated to have deficient levels of vitamin D due to limited sunshine exposure.
Schizophrenia is a mental illness with symptoms that can include delusions and hallucinations.
Since schizophrenia is more prevalent in high latitudes and cold climates, researchers have theorised vitamin D may be connected to the disorder.
"This is the first comprehensive meta-analysis to study the relationship between the two conditions," said one of the study's authors, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh, of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in Isfahan, Iran.
"When we examined the findings of several observational studies on vitamin D and schizophrenia, we found people with schizophrenia have lower vitamin D levels than healthy people. Vitamin D deficiency is quite common among people with schizophrenia," said Esmaillzadeh.
The researchers reviewed the findings of 19 observational studies that assessed the link between vitamin D and schizophrenia.
Combined, the studies looked at vitamin D levels and the mental health of 2,804 adult participants. The studies used blood tests to determine each participant's vitamin D levels.
The meta-analysis found that people with schizophrenia had significantly lower levels of vitamin D in the blood compared to the control groups.
The average difference in vitamin D levels between schizophrenic patients and control participants was minus 5.91 nanogrammes per millilitre.
People with vitamin D deficiency were 2.16 times more likely to have schizophrenia than those with sufficient vitamin D in their bloodstreams.
In addition, 65 per cent of the participants who had schizophrenia also were vitamin D deficient.
"Our findings support the theory that vitamin D may have a significant impact on psychiatric health," Esmaillzadeh said.
The study was published in the Endocrine Society's Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
