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In his first full-year Union Budget since Prime Minister Narendra Modi's landslide election victory last May, Jaitley said India's economy was about to take off. Modi tweeted that the budget would "further reignite our growth engine".
The budget was a test of the nationalist premier's willingness to reform an economy with a bloated public sector and weak private investment, obstacles to delivering on his pledge to voters of "better days".
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While seeking to spark an investment-led boom, the budget was short on structural reforms, with the government leaving major welfare schemes untouched and only cutting fuel subsidies thanks to a collapse in international oil prices.
"People who urged us to undertake 'big bang' reforms also say the Indian economy is a super giant, which moves slowly but surely," Jaitley told parliament as he wrapped up a 90-minute speech.
"Even our worst critics would admit we have moved rapidly," he said.
Jaitley promised higher investment in India's decrepit roads and railways, offered the carrot of corporate tax cuts to global corporations and the stick of tighter compliance rules to get Indian tycoons to invest at home rather than stash wealth abroad.
Although Jaitley forecast that growth would accelerate to 8-8.5 percent in the fiscal year starting in April, up from 7.4 percent this year, businesses have yet to respond to Modi's call to "Make in India".
ROOM FOR RATE CUTS?
Jaitley forecast inflation at 5 percent by the end of the fiscal year ending March 2016, undershooting the Reserve Bank of India's 6 percent target and creating room to cut interest rates. Annual inflation was 5.1 percent in January.
But he pushed back by a year, to 2017-18, a deadline for cutting the fiscal deficit to 3 percent of gross domestic product. In 2015-16, the deficit will be 3.9 percent of GDP, above the 3.6 percent target inherited from the last government.
In volatile trading, the NSE Nifty gained as much as 1 percent as Jaitley gave an upbeat economic outlook, but went into the red on his comment that the fiscal deficit would slip, and traded 0.4 percent lower after his speech.
Radhika Rao, an economist at DBS in Singapore, said the deficit slippage was unlikely to draw the immediate ire of credit-rating agencies, and she expects the private sector to follow the lead set by the government, which is hiking capital investment by a quarter to $39 billion.
"Today's budget was pragmatic, wide-ranging and inclusive," Rao said.
CARROTS AND STICKS
The Budget concentrates a year's economic policymaking into a single speech, and the range of measures Jaitley announced included a monetary policy overhaul, a bankruptcy code and the creation of a public debt management agency.
The 62-year-old finance minister, who underwent surgery last year to treat diabetes, sat down around 20 minutes into his speech and gave the rest from the government's front bench.
In a key passage, Jaitley said he would cut the tax on company profits to 25 percent over four years from the current 30 percent, high by international standards.
A national goods and services would enter force, as planned, in April 2016 but a controversial set of new rules to fight tax avoidance would be delayed by two years, he said.
Jaitley scrapped a distinction between direct and portfolio investors, in a move designed to encourage foreign investors to take strategic stakes in Indian companies. He also simplified regulation of financial markets.
"This is a forward-looking budget," said Krupa Venkatesh, a partner at Deloitte. "This clear statement of intent should bring cheer to industry."
ROAD AND RAIL
Reaping the benefits of low global prices for oil, Modi's government says India is in a sweet spot with spare cash to modernize its creaking infrastructure.
Jaitley announced an increase of Rs 70,000 crore in road and rail investments next year and announced that the government would commission five ultra-mega power projects (UMPPs) to end chronic power shortages.
The government shied away from politically sensitive cuts in its $37 billion subsidy bill, seeking instead to boost efficiency of the MNREGA that is the country's costliest welfare programme. It will also boost direct benefit transfer (DBT)payments into bank accounts, and gradually replace benefits in kind.
"My proposals... lay down the roadmap for accelerating growth, enhancing investment, passing on the benefit of growth process to the common man, woman, youth and child," said Jaitley. "This is the path we will doggedly and relentlessly pursue."
