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At least 38 Indian cities lie in high-risk seismic zones; nearly 60% of the subcontinental landmass is vulnerable to earthquakes and except for rare exceptions—such as the Delhi Metro—India’s hastily-built cities are open to great damage from earthquakes.
The earthquake that devastated the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal and jolted northern India, damaging buildings as far apart as Agra and Siliguri, was expected by geologists, who have warned of more Himalayan earthquakes, caused by the growing pressures of the subcontinent grinding into the Asian mainland.
#Dharahara (Bhimsen Tower) the 19th century, 9-storey tall tower in #Kathmandu, has collapsed b/c #Nepalquake #Nepal pic.twitter.com/A7tbEx3RIv
— Stefan Simanowitz (@StefSimanowitz) April 25, 2015
#earthquake Siliguri pic.twitter.com/U8QbC8CI7l
— BeingPositive (@its_anu) April 25, 2015
The metro is prepared, almost no one else is
Very few buildings in India meet the standards prescribed in ‘Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design’, first published by the Bureau of Indian Standards in 1962, the latest revision being in 2005. These are not enforced, so almost no one knows such earthquake-resistant standards and guidelines for home-owners, exist.
The Delhi Metro is one of the few Indian structures built to withstand a quake. Many of the houses built in Bhuj after the Gujarat quake of 2001 are now earthquake-resistant. The rare building and high-rise may be designed for quakes.
But nothing has changed since 1993, when a relatively mild earthquake of magnitude 6.4 in Maharashtra’s Latur district killed nearly 10,000 people, in what was considered a non-seismic zone. Most died because shoddily constructed houses collapsed at the first major shake, as they did in Gujarat eight years later.
The government of India today lists 38 cities in moderate to high-risk seismic zones. “Typically, the majority of the constructions in these cities are not earthquake-resistant,” notes a 2006 report written by the United Nations for the ministry of home affairs. “Therefore in the event of an earthquake, one of these cities would become a major disaster.”
How earthquakes occur
The earth’s landmasses ride like gigantic rafts on ‘plates’, or sections of the earth’s outermost layer, the crust. These plates frequently slip and slide, causing earthquakes. We don’t feel the small ones. The big ones, literally, shake us up.
The US Geological Survey (USGS) explains on its website how the magnitude of an earthquake, as measured on the Richter scale, can be greatly out of proportion to its energy and potential for devastation.
“The magnitude scale is really comparing amplitudes of waves on a seismogram, not the STRENGTH (energy) of the quakes,” says the USGS. So, a magnitude 8.7 is 794 times bigger than a 5.8 quake as measured on seismograms, but the 8.7 quake is about 23,000 times STRONGER than the 5.8! Since it is really the energy or strength that knocks down buildings, this is really the more important comparison. This means that it would take about 23,000 quakes of magnitude 5.8 to equal the energy released by one magnitude 8.7 event.”
Why north India is on shaky ground
The Himalayas and north India are on particularly shaky ground. Sometime in the geological past, before humans, India broke off from an ancient supercontinent called Gondwana, a name still used for what is now Chhattisgarh.
Everest base camp huge earthquaqe then huge avalanche from pumori.Running for life from my tent. Unhurt. Many many people up the mountain.
— Alex Gavan (@AlexGAVAN) April 25, 2015
#Everest camp1 and camp 2 swept away by avalanche, many climbers missing. climbers also missing from north side as per reports. #Nepalquake
— Northmen PK (@NorthmenPK) April 25, 2015
The Indian plate skewed north, displaced an ancient sea, travelled more than 2,000 km – the fastest a plate has ever moved – and slammed into the Eurasian plate, creating the Himalayas, where you can still find sea shells.
The great, northward grind continues
India still grinds northeast into Asia at roughly 5 cm every year. The last significant – but not geologically significant – quake in this area was the 2005 temblor in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, which sits directly atop the clashing Indian and Eurasian plates. About 80,000 died. About 60% of India is vulnerable to earthquakes caused by the great, northward grind of the Indian subcontinental landmass.
Image Credit: Wikimedia/Arun Ganesh
| Intensity Of Earthquakes In Different Zones | |
|---|---|
| Seismic Zone | Intensity on Modified Mercalli scale |
| Zone II (Low intensity zone) | VI (or less) |
| Zone III (Moderate intensity zone) | VII |
| Zone IV (Severe intensity zone) | VIII |
| Zone V (Very severe intensity zone) | IX (and above) |
India’s earthquakes since Independence
The only serious earthquake that modern India remembers is the temblor that killed about 20,000 in Gujarat in 2001. The 2004 tsunami, which resulted from the third-most most severe quake ever recorded, 9.3 on the Richter scale, occurred when the Indian plate slid with greater violence than it normally does under the neighbouring Burma plate, upon which rest the Andaman and Nicobar islands. It caused a 100-km-long rupture in the crust, thrusting the seafloor upwards and pushing up masses of water, setting off tsunamis that killed 230,000 people in 14 countries.
| Deaths Caused By Different Natural Causes in India, 2004-2013 | |
|---|---|
| Natural Cause | Deaths |
| Lightning | 24017 |
| Heat Stroke | 9734 |
| Cold and Exposure | 8019 |
| Floods | 8241 |
| Cyclone/tornado | 3713 |
| Landslide | 3462 |
| Torrential rains | 1967 |
| Starvation/thirst | 1680 |
| Earthquake | 887 |
| Epidemic | 764 |
| Avalanche | 564 |
| Other Natural Causes | 165682 |
Source: National Crime Records Bureau
No Indian city has yet been hit, but risks, history serve warning
No Indian metropolis has witnessed a serious earthquake, although Delhi lies in high-risk seismic zone 4. Srinagar and Guwahati are in the highest-risk zone 5; Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata lie in zone 3.
History serves warning that a big one may come at any time. Those lessons come from Bihar in 1934 and Assam in 1950.
Although its epicentre was 10 km south of Mount Everest, the Bihar earthquake of 1934 was felt from Mumbai to Lhasa, flattening almost all major buildings in many Bihar districts and damaging many in Calcutta. At 8.4 on the Richter scale, it was pretty severe, killing more than 8,100 (Mahatma Gandhi said it was punishment for the sin of untouchability).
The 1950 Assam earthquake, may have geologically set the stage for a really big one in the Himalayas, according to geologists. Now that 65 years have passed, it may be time for a big one.
“India has had five moderate earthquakes (Richter Magnitudes ~6.0-6.4) since 1988 as reminders to improve the earthquake preparedness of the country. And, historically, some of the great earthquakes (Richter Magnitudes >8.0) have occurred in India and that too four in the last 115 years,” a professor at the Indian Institute of Technology (Kanpur), wrote in 2000.
“The world seismic community has taken advantage of the experiences from these events, but we in India have paid no heed to these reminders. Today, the number of persons interested in improving the earthquake preparedness in the country is effectively very small. Moreover, most of these persons are in the academia.”
(You can check the Indian Meteorological Department’s website for the latest earthquake reports.)
(IndiaSpend is a data-driven, public-interest journalism non-profit)
