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- Bihar has the second-highest economic growth among poor states
- It has India’s third-highest level of poverty
- Unemployment in Bihar is the highest among the poorest states
- 98% families in rural Bihar do not have access to toilets in their homes, the highest rate among poor states
The eastern state of Bihar–India’s 3rd-most populous with a population equal to Philippines–is the focus of attention as its assembly is up for re-election soon. A bruising political battle is ahead, the biggest political test for Prime Minister Narendra Modi since he swept to power in 2014.
Opposing the juggernaut of Modi and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) president Amit Shah is the middle-of-the-centre combination of Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) chief Lalu Prasad and Janata Dal (United) chief Nitish Kumar.
While Chief Minister Kumar is credited with turning around the economy of Bihar, the state is still at the bottom rungs of India’s poverty ladder, unemployment and public and personal infrastructure—from highways to toilets at home.
Bihar grew faster than most other poor states
Eight socio-economically backward states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh are referred to as the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states. The central government constituted the EAG under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare following the 2001 Census to stabilise the population in eight poor states struggling to contain a population explosion.
We will compare the performance of Bihar to other members of the EAG group and assess how the state has performed over the past 10 years.
Source: NITI Ayog
Bihar’s gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth is the second highest among EAG states at 9.9%, second only to MP, which clocked a growth rate of 11%.
“There is a difference between base levels and increments but as increments go, there is no question that some historically backward states – in particular Rajasthan, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh – are growing fast,” according to Bibek Debroy, economist and NITI Aayog member, speaking to The Hindu.
In 2005-06, Bihar’s economy had declined 1.5%, then recorded a growth rate of 16.1% in 2006-07.
If we look at the break-up of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), services form a major part for all the eight states, with the exception of Jharkhand.
Bihar’s services sector delivers almost 62% of the total GSDP for the year 2013-14. This is followed by agriculture with 16%.
Bihar has the highest unemployment among India’s poorest states
Bihar has the highest rural and urban unemployment among EAG states.
Source: Lok Sabha
There has been an improvement in the unemployment numbers for Bihar in urban areas. While it was 7.3% in 2009-10, it has declined to 5.6% in 2011-12.
The opposite is true in rural areas: the unemployment rate has gone up from 2% to 3.2%.
Bihar has third-highest poverty level in India
Bihar has the third-highest percentage of people living below the poverty line–defined as the ability to live on Rs 26 per person per day in rural areas; Rs 31 per person per day in urban areas–at 33.7%, behind Chhattisgarh with 39.9% and Jharkhand with 36.9%
Source: NITI Ayog
As many as 32 million people below the poverty line in Bihar live in rural areas.
If we look at data from the 2004-05 poverty estimates, Bihar was the poorest state, with 54% of its total population below the poverty line.
Bihar has received accolades for poverty reduction. However, compared to other EAG states, Bihar still has the second-highest number of people below the poverty line, 35.8 million, after Uttar Pradesh at 58.9 million.
When we compared the number of people pulled out of poverty since 2004-05, estimates show that Rajasthan and Odisha have performed better by pulling out almost 51% and 37% people, respectively, out of poverty.
Bihar has managed to pull out only 26% of its people out of poverty.
In personal and public infrastructure, Bihar struggles to catch up
While the economy is doing well, Bihar still lags behind in the development of infrastructure.
We have compared two key aspects to highlight the backwardness:
- State highways; and
- Toilet facilities in households as part of social infrastructure.
Roads: Maharashtra accounted for the largest share (22.9 %) of state highways as on March 31, 2013, according to data released by the Ministry of Road Transport.
Karnataka (12.3%), Gujarat (10.9%), Madhya Pradesh (6.5%) and Tamil Nadu (6.4 %) are the other top states. These five states accounted for about 59% of the total length (150,000 km) of state highways.
EAG states account for 36% of state highways, although they are home to 46% of India’s population. Bihar has no more than 4.9% of India’s state highways, although it is home to 8.6% of India’s population.
Source: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
Bihar did well in surfacing highways–surfaced roads, the term used in the ministry reports, refers to metalled roads or roads with bituminous or cement concrete tops–until 2008. That pace slackened over the next five years to 2013: 193,000 kilometres of state highways were built but no more than 61% were surfaced.
Toilets: As many as 98% of families in rural Bihar do not have access to toilets at home, the highest rate among EAG states.
Source: Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Census, 2011
There are 16.8 million rural households in Bihar, according to 2011 census data. Of these, 16.4 million are without toilets, according to target achievement data under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
(IndiaSpend is a data-driven, public-interest journalism non-profit)
