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Fiscal Deficit

About Fiscal Deficit

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What is Fiscal Deficit

A country’s fiscal balance is measured by its government’s revenue vis-a-vis its expenditure in a given financial year. Fiscal deficit, the condition when the expenditure of the government exceeds its revenue in a year, is the difference between the two. Fiscal deficit is calculated both in absolute terms and as a percentage of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP).
 
The fiscal deficit of a country is calculated as a percentage of its GDP or simply as the total money spent by the government in excess of its income. In either case, the income figure includes only taxes and other revenues and excludes money borrowed to make up the shortfall.
 
In her maiden Union Budget, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman had revised the government’s fiscal deficit target for 2019-20 to 3.3 per cent of GDP, 10 basis points lower than the target for the previous financial year.
 
How is fiscal deficit calculated?
 
The fiscal deficit, in mathematical terms, is [total revenue generated — total expenditure]. The total revenue is the sum of revenue receipts, recovery of loans and other receipts of the government.
 
While most countries continue to project a deficit in their economies, a surplus is a rare phenomenon. A high deficit at times also emerges if the government is spending on developmental works like construction of highways, ports, roads, airports which will later generate revenue for the government.
 
What are components of the fiscal deficit calculation?
 
The fiscal deficit calculations are based on two components — income and expenditure.
 
Income component: The income component is made of two variables, revenue generated from taxes levied by the Centre and the income generated from non-tax variables. The taxable income consists of the amount generated from corporation tax, income tax, Customs duties, excise duties, GST, among others. Meanwhile, the non-taxable income comes from external grants, interest receipts, dividends and profits, receipts from Union Territories, among others.
 
Expenditure component: The government in its Budget allocates funds for several works, including payments of salaries, pensions, emoluments, creation of assets, funds for infrastructure, development, health and numerous other sectors that form the expenditure component.
 
How is fiscal deficit balanced out?
 
While a rising deficit is a challenge for the government in the long term, to balance it out in short-term macroeconomics, the government looks at market borrowings by issuing bonds and selling them in through banks. Banks buy these bonds with currency deposits and then sell them to investors. Government bonds are considered an extremely safe investment instrument, so the interest rate paid on loans to the government represents risk-free investment.
 
The government also sees a deficit situation as an opportunity to expand policies and schemes, including welfare programmes, without having to raise taxes or cut spending in the Budget.

Latest Updates on Fiscal Deficit

Market borrowing surged 32.8% in FY24, RBI report says

Updated On: 19 Dec 2024 | 11:23 PM IST

Looks to ensure enough financial headroom amid global headwinds

Updated On: 18 Dec 2024 | 11:56 PM IST

CII also highlighted the announcement in the Union Budget 2024-25 to keep the fiscal deficit at levels that help reduce the debt-to-GDP ratio

Updated On: 08 Dec 2024 | 1:58 PM IST

In absolute terms, the fiscal deficit -- the gap between government's expenditure and revenue -- was at Rs 7,50,824 crore during April-October period

Updated On: 29 Nov 2024 | 4:41 PM IST

The revenue expenditure, excluding subsidies, will be 0.12 per cent of GDP, lower than the budget estimate

Updated On: 27 Nov 2024 | 5:26 PM IST

The liquidity in the banking system stood at a deficit of Rs 6,956 crore on Monday, according to the latest data from the Reserve Bank of India

Updated On: 29 Nov 2024 | 9:48 PM IST

There is a very high chance that the actual fiscal deficit target will undershoot even 4.9 per cent of GDP as there was a decline in government expenditure during the general elections

Updated On: 23 Nov 2024 | 11:54 AM IST

Ahluwalia said if household net savings continue to decrease and fiscal deficit reduction is neglected, it could lead to significant problems, including crowding out of private investments

Updated On: 19 Nov 2024 | 11:05 PM IST

The estimated revenue deficit stands at Rs 34,743 crore (2.12 per cent of the GSDP), while the fiscal deficit is estimated at Rs 68,743 crore (4.19 per cent of the GSDP)

Updated On: 11 Nov 2024 | 5:13 PM IST

Political parties routinely make pre-poll promises of subsidies and freebies, but the fiscal burden of such guarantees weighs heavily on state budgets once in power

Updated On: 05 Nov 2024 | 4:58 PM IST

Rising tax revenues and RBI dividend boost receipts

Updated On: 30 Oct 2024 | 11:20 PM IST

Fiscal consolidation measures such as managing contingent liabilities, improving fiscal transparency, and enhancing the fiscal credibility of SDLs needed to address states' financial challenges

Updated On: 18 Oct 2024 | 4:45 PM IST

Borrowings remain within prudent norms

Updated On: 16 Oct 2024 | 11:48 PM IST

Capital expenditures across 18 states declined by 6% year-on-year between April and August in FY25, totalling Rs 1.67 trillion, down from Rs 1.78 trillion during the same period the previous year

Updated On: 14 Oct 2024 | 11:31 AM IST

The fiscal deficit-the gap between expenditure and revenue-was 36 per cent of the budget estimates for the corresponding period last year

Updated On: 01 Oct 2024 | 12:04 AM IST

Net tax receipts for the period were 8.74 trillion rupees, or 34% of the annual target, compared with 8.04 trillion rupees for the same period last year, according to the data

Updated On: 30 Sep 2024 | 4:36 PM IST

May borrow around Rs 6.3 trillion during the period

Updated On: 23 Sep 2024 | 11:06 PM IST

Market participants said the banking regulator may conduct more VRR auctions to infuse liquidity if the weighted average overnight money market rates do not align with the repo rate

Updated On: 19 Sep 2024 | 9:39 PM IST

The UPS is seen to be different from OPS since it is funded every year and the burden does not fall on future governments.

Updated On: 15 Sep 2024 | 10:59 PM IST

The region is expected to clock a growth of 7% in FY25 but it's dependent on Central government grants

Updated On: 11 Sep 2024 | 1:10 PM IST