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President’s Rule

About President’s Rule

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What is the President’s Rule

President’s Rule refers to the suspension of a state government and the imposition of direct rule of the Centre. The central government takes direct control of the state in question and the Governor becomes its constitutional head. The Vidhan Sabha is either dissolved or prorogued. Such a situation forces the Election Commission to conduct a re-election within six months.
 
How is President's rule imposed in a state?
 
Article 356 of the Constitution of India gives the President of India the power to impose this rule on a state on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers. There are some conditions that the President has to consider before imposing the rule:
 
a) If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
 
b) The state government is unable to elect a leader as chief minister within a time prescribed by the Governor of that state.
 
c) There's a breakdown of a coalition leading to the chief minister having a minority support in the House, and the CM fails to prove majority in the given period of time.
 
d) Loss of majority in the Assembly due to a vote of no-confidence in the House.
 
e) Elections postponed on account of situations like natural disasters, war or epidemic.
 
Does the President's rule impact people?
 
No, it does not. However, once the President's rule has been imposed on a state, no major government decisions can be made. No major policy decisions can be implemented nor can any project be sanctioned till the time President's rule is revoked and the next government is formed.
 
What is the duration of the President's rule?
 
Proclamation of President’s Rule under Article 356 of the Constitution stands for six months. This timeframe can be extended up to three years, in phases. President's Rule can be revoked at any time by the President and this does not require Parliament's approval.
 
According to the 44th Amendment Act of 1978, President's rule can only be extended over a year every 6 months under the following conditions:
 
— The Election Commission certifies that elections cannot be conducted in the state concerned.
 
— There is already a national emergency throughout India or in the whole or any part of the state.
 
What option do the elected representatives of the state have?
 
In case President’s Rule has been evoked because of a breakdown of coalition or a hung Assembly, it is not the end of the road for any political party. With the Assembly in suspended animation, stakeholders can approach the Governor any time with the required proof of support to prove majority on the floor of the House. The EC notification on the election is treated as the new Assembly having been constituted.
 
Incidents where President's rule has been imposed in a state
 
On November 12, 2019, Maharashtra Governor Bhagat Singh Koshyari imposed President's rule in the state following an election that did not lead to government formation. The crisis started after all the four major parties — the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Shiv Sena, Nationalist Congress Congress (NCP) and the Congress Party — didn't stake claim to form a government and failed to stitch alliances to prove a majority.
 
Since 2000 there have been 15 instances of President's rule being imposed in a state:
 
2001
 
Manipur: After the 2000 elections, the government did not last more than a year. After months of chaos, alleged horse-trading and a vote of no-confidence, Manipur was brought under President's Rule on June 3, 2001. It lasted 277 days.
 
2002
 
Uttar Pradesh: From March 8 to May 3, President's rule was in force in Uttar Pradesh on account of an indecisive outcome of state elections.
 
Jammu and Kashmir: From October 18 to November 2, President's rule was in force in Jammu & Kashmir because of an indecisive outcome of state elections.
 
2005
 
Bihar: President's rule was in force in Bihar From March 7 to November 24 on account of an indecisive outcome of state elections. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the imposition of President's rule without giving the elected legislatures a chance to form a new government was unconstitutional.
 
Goa: The government of the state was dismissed after a controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Pratap Sinh Rane. President's rule was in force here from March 4 to June 7.
 
2007
 
Karnataka: President's Rule was in force in the state from October 9 to November 11 and then from November 20 till May 27, 2008, due to the elected government’s loss of majority.
 
2008
 
Jammu and Kashmir: The government of the then chief minister, Gulam Nabi Azad, was reduced to a minority following the withdrawal of support by key ally People's Democratic Party (PDP), in the wake of massive 10-day protests against the allotment of forest land to Sri Amarnath Shrine Board. President's Rule was in force in the state between July 11, 2008, and January 5, 2009.
 
2009
 
Jharkhand: Between January 19 and December 29, President's Rule was in force in Jharkhand due to the elected government’s loss of majority. In 2010, too, Jharkhand was under President’s rule from June 1 to September 11. In 2013, BJP's ruling coalition partner JMM withdrew its support to the government. Chief Minister Arjun Munda had to resign and President's rule was in force from January 18 to July 12.
 
2014
 
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana: President's rule was evoked in the Telangana area on June 2 and bifurcated Andhra Pradesh areas on June 8 after 100 days.
 
Delhi: Arvind Kejriwal resigned as Delhi chief minister after failing to table the Jan Lokpal Bill in the Assembly. Delhi was brought under the President's rule on February 14 and stayed under it until February 11, 2015.
 
Maharashtra: The Congress-led government in the state was dismissed after it separated from its allies. President's rule was in force for 33 days starting from September 28.
 
2015
 
Jammu and Kashmir: A hung verdict in the Jammu and Kashmir elections of 2015 led to the imposition of President’s Rule for 51 days, from January 9 to March 1. The following year, death of Chief Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed led to President's rule again for 87 days, from January 8 to April 4.
 
2016
 
Arunachal Pradesh: Congress MLAs joined hands with the BJP, destabilizing the state government. So, President’s rule was evoked and stayed in force from January 25 to February 19. The Supreme Court declared the imposition of President's rule as ultra vires and reinstated the dismissed Congress-led government in the state.
 
Uttarakhand: The collapse of CM Harish Rawat's government following a split in the state unit of the Congress party led to President's rule being imposed in the state twice — from March 27 to April 21, and then from April 22 to May 11.
 
2018
 
Jammu and Kashmir: Chief Minister Mehbooba Mufti resigned following withdrawal of support by coalition partner BJP. The state was under President’s rule from June 19 to October 30. On October 31, J&K was split into two Union Territories — Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh — and that ended the President's rule by default.

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