Managing naturally

R Gopalakrishnan belongs to the generations of managers created by Hindustan Lever through their management training scheme. He belongs to the lost generation, born before the MBA came into fashion. Lever developed excellent managers, many of whom adorn the top echelons of companies and other organisations in India and abroad. The scheme included field training at the lowest level in the organisation (as a salesman, on the factory floor, at the "hands-on" level in accounts, etc. and considerable formal training). Trainees were closely monitored by top management, mentored by a senior manager and their career progression was meticulously planned and carefully evaluated periodically. The best of them ended up fairly early in their careers in the central Unilever list and their career progress was considered along with those of other such bright persons in the Unilever world. Gopalakrishnan, a graduate engineer from IIT Kharagpur, was a management trainee who was early on the Unilever list. His brains, sense of humour, articulation, and empathy moved him into marketing management, where he made a mark. He became Chairman of Unilever, Saudi Arabia, and then Vice-Chairman of Hindustan Lever. He went on to Tata Sons, where he is an Executive Director. He is a much sought- after speaker and writes extensively in the popular Press. He was President of the All India Management Association in 2003.

The title of the book is intriguing. A bonsai is a tree whose growth has been deliberately stunted. A bonsai manager is presumably one whose growth has not reached its potential due to his/her own acts of omission and commission. The book keeps away from traditional management jargon and teaching. It invites the manager who wants to grow to go beyond facts and analysis, to intuition. He describes intuition as "what you do not know you know". He points out that it is only when knowledge is leavened by intuition that there is wisdom.

In developing his thesis he uses analogies from plants, insects, marine and animal life, and some of his own experiences as a manager and those of others, to promote the importance of what in today's jargon is called "emotional intelligence". His discussion is a valuable contribution to management literature because management education, training and even much of the literature focus primarily on facts and analysis. He argues that in addition, a manager, to develop to his full potential, must learn to be intuitive, inclusive and humane, skills that are not taught.

It is thus a 'how to' book, but is not written like one. It can help managers develop their intuitive faculties to supplement their fact finding and analytical capacities. For example, he explains the spawning habits of Oliver Ridley mother turtles that lay eggs, then leave the eggs to hatch and the young turtles to find their own way to the sea, as being due to their life expectancy of over 300 years. Managers who do not develop successors have not realised that they do not have similar long lives.

He describes intuition (or instinct) as an unconscious process, unlike analysis, which is a conscious process and is at the centre of the mind's thinking. The unconscious memory (he calls it BRIM""the brain's remote implicit memory) is very valuable for developing and strengthening instincts.

Subsequent chapter headings give the sequence of his argument. He discusses how the unconscious memory that holds all life experiences can be used to develop intuition and relates it to what is not taught in management. He lauds the total 'immersion' in a task, use of anecdotes, stories and emotion, and the need to look at not just the issue but its "surrounds", to embed a memory and develop the ability to draw on this remote memory bank. Real learning requires a variety of experiences. What helps this learning process is building close relationships and encouraging team work. The best management-training schemes try to practise such techniques, providing the trainee with a variety of experiences. He praises the value of competition (in markets and in life) for improving this learning. Learning also comes through sharing.

He concludes by emphasising that "[v]alues, and only values, can help us to withstand the political, social and economic turbulence that are inevitable. The greatest mistake leaders can make is to assume that results alone matter, and that morality and goodness have gone out of style".

This is an extraordinary book. It is autobiographical, perceptive, educative and immensely readable. My review has brought it down to the level of other books on management, without the stories and the allusions to plant, insect and animal life, habits, and relating them to human beings in corporate situations. It makes "emotional intelligence" intelligible. It is an essential read for anyone who manages organisations.

The Case of the Bonsai Manager

R Gopalakrishnan
Penguin
Price: Rs 450; Pages: 288