Experiments using the Large Hadron Collider could unlock secrets about the universe and its origins.
Scientists and engineers today celebrated the successful steering of a beam of protons around a 27-km tunnel that houses the world’s largest collider at the European Nuclear Research Organization situated on the Geneva-France countryside, paving the way for a series of scientific experiments to reveal the early building blocks in the formation of the universe.
“There it is,” Lyn Evans, the leader of Large Hadron Collider project, declared proudly when two white dots of proton beam flashed on the computer screen, amid exultant scenes of triumph in crossing the first step of what is going to be the mother of all experiments in the arena of particle physics.
“It is a fantastic moment,” said Evans, the former British military commander. “We can now look forward to a new era of understanding about the origins and evolution of the universe.”
It required a Herculean effort to ensure that thousands of individual elements that went into the construction of the largest particle collider work in harmony and timings have to be synchronized to under a billionth of a second, said Dr Vinod Chohan, leader of CERN-India collaboration division.
India’s scientific and engineering personnel played a significant role in the construction of the LHC project, especially in providing 1,706 assemblies of cryomagnets that are essential for acceleration functions in the LHC. “Testing and qualification of the magnets at cryogenic temperature is a prerequisite for the installation of the Large Hadron Collider,” said Dr Chohan, suggesting that the Indian assistance is invaluable.
“We are in an era where Indian physicists are full-fledged members of the LHC experiment,” said Chohan, the Indian-origin British physicist.
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“It has been a fascinating and rewarding experience for us,” said Vinod C Sahni, director of the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology in Indore. “Overall, Indian contribution to LHC accelerator is Swiss Franc 43 million (about $42.5 million) containing a variety of components and systems besides skilled manpower support for magnetic tests and measurements and help in commissioning LHC subsystems.”
Today’s experiment is a first step to ensure that the proton beams are captured and retained well in heavy magnetic fields that dominate the tunnel. After several experiments of steering the beams both in clockwise and anti-clockwise directions, the ground will be prepared for the collision of protons in the coming months. “The collision and subsequent experiments will reveal the moment when the first building blocks of the universe began to take shape after the big bang,” he argued. “The LHC is a discovery machine,” said CERN’s Director General Robert Aymar, “Its research programme has the potential to change our view of the universe profoundly.”
Once the machine’s acceleration systems are brought into play to create conditions of 7,000 GeV, a measure for huge energy that will be generated, and the conditions of collision will be created, scientists will study the four experiments that are being carried out. The LHC, which is estimated at about $9 billion and has attracted researchers from around 80 countries, will provide ideal conditions for a collision of proton particles at the speed of light, whizzing 11,000 times a second around the tunnel.
The CERN’s four experiments are expected to throw more light on “dark matter”, antimatter and other dimensions. The CMS experiment will provide evidence of the Higgs Boson, which is referred to as the God’s particle, that provides mass to all other particles, and thus to the matter that makes up the universe. According to the theory, particles acquire their mass through interactions with an all-pervading field carried by the Higgs.
The universe is made up of 4 per cent ordinary matter, 23 per cent dark matter and 73 per cent dark energy. The LHC is expected to throw light on this mysterious stuff called the dark matter and dark energy.
| Big bang effort Following are some facts about the Big Bang and CERN’s particle-smashing experiment: WHAT IS CERN: |
WHAT IS THE BIG BANG?
The name “Big Bang” was coined in 1949 by British scientist Fred Hoyle. It says the universe expanded rapidly from a highly compressed primordial state, which resulted in a significant decrease in density and temperature
It is the only explanation of an expanding universe, which shows how stars and planets came together out of the primeval chaos that followed
RECREATING THE BIG BANG:
The final tests involved pumping a single bunch of energy particles from the project's accelerator into the 27-km beam pipe of the collider and steering them counter-clockwise around it for about 3 km
The collider aims to simulate conditions milliseconds after the “Big Bang”, which created the universe around 13.7 billion years ago.
The collisions, in which both particle clusters will be travelling at the speed of light, will be monitored on computers at CERN and laboratories around the world by scientists looking for, among other things, a particle that made life possible.