Copper, used in construction and an indicator of economic activity, posted its first loss since 2008.
Commodities posted the first annual drop since 2008, paced by declines in cotton, copper and cocoa, on concern that the sovereign-debt crisis in Europe and a cooling Chinese economy will sap demand for raw materials.
The Standard & Poor's GSCI Total Return Index of commodities fell 0.1 per cent in New York, down 1.2 per cent for 2011. Cocoa plunged 31 per cent in 2011 on signs of expanding supplies from Ivory Coast, the world's biggest grower. Cotton fell 37 per cent this year amid rising output and dwindling demand. Copper, often seen as an indicator of economic activity as it is used in construction and automobiles, posted its first loss since 2008.
Economic growth in China, the world's biggest copper user, will slow to 8.5 per cent next year, after growing 10.4 per cent in 2010, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development projected on November 28. Manufacturing in December contracted for a second month as global growth faltered and premier Wen Jiabao prolonged a crackdown on speculation in the housing market. Global equity markets have lost $6.3 trillion in value this year as Europe's debt crisis and slowing economic expansion weighed on investor demand for riskier assets.
"The two biggest drivers have been the global economic environment and the Chinese economy," said Dan Denbow, a co-fund manager of the $2.1 billion USAA Precious Metals and Minerals Fund in San Antonio. "What happens next year really depends on what happens with global growth. Investors may not be as quick to come back to commodities unless they get a very good feeling about global growth."
Gold, oil
Advances in gold, oil and cattle helped limit commodity losses. Gold, 10 per cent higher in 2011, capped an 11th straight year of gains as investors seek protection against financial markets turmoil. Oil climbed 8.2 per cent this year, the third annual gain, on speculation that escalating tension in the Middle East will disrupt supplies as a recovery in the US economy bolsters demand. Cattle futures in Chicago rallied 12 per cent as the US herd shrank.
More From This Section
The dollar's rally, up 1.6 per cent this year against six foreign-exchange peers, has curbed demand for commodities priced in the US currency. Treasuries gained 9.6 per cent, Bank of America Merrill Lynch index data show. Still, raw materials outperformed equities as the MSCI All Country World Index of stocks dropped 9.5 per cent.
European crisis
Commodities plunged 46.5 per cent in 2008 as the collapse of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc triggered the worst recession since the Great Depression and sent global equity markets tumbling. Raw-material prices rebounded 13.5 per cent in 2009 and rallied nine per cent last year as governments around the world ramped up stimulus spending to boost their economies.
The S&P GSCI Index touched an 11-month low in October, extending its decline from an April peak to more than the 20 per cent threshold of a bear market, as investors cut holdings of commodities amid slower economic expansion. There is a 50 per cent chance of recessions in the US, the UK and euro-zone in the next 12 months, Nouriel Roubini, the economist who predicted the US housing bubble, said in October.
Goldman Sachs said in a December 1 report the world probably will avoid a recession and maintained its "overweight" allocation to commodities, predicting a 15 per cent return in the next 12 months.
A close balance between supply and demand across raw materials "could drive a strong price rebound in early 2012," Barclays Capital said this month.
Metals' performance
The LMEX index of six industrial metals retreated 22 per cent this year, led by declines in tin, nickel and zinc. Spot silver is 10 per cent lower in 2011, its first annual decline since 2009. Palladium fell 18 per cent, and platinum lost 21 per cent.
"Problems in the US, Europe and China have all contributed to the weaker performance this year," said Nick Trevethan, a senior commodities strategist at Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd. "The risk in moving into 2012 is what's going to happen in Europe particular. Some kind of major events there could put more pressure on the market from a sentiment perspective."