Evaluating grip strength to identify early diabetes

To provide healthcare practitioners with an easy-to-perform and time-efficient screening tool for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), researchers have developed a valuable new grip strength metrics. The practitioners can use this assessment of normalised grip strength to routinely screen for type 2 diabetes in apparently healthy adults.

Muscular weakness is known to be associated with T2DM in otherwise seemingly healthy adults. However, previous research had not found a way to assess this reliably.

The current study was able to identify consistent grip strength cut points relative to body weight, gender and age group in a large nationally representative sample of participants pre-screened for comorbid conditions such as hypertension.

The new study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine was published by Elsevier.Lead investigator Elise C Brown, PhD, Department of Public and Environmental Wellness, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA, said, "As the type 2 diabetes patient population continues to increase in the United States, diagnosing this disease in its early stages is becoming increasingly more important for preventing complications caused by blood vessel damage associated with diabetes."

"Our study identifies the levels of handgrip strength or weakness that correlate with T2DM in otherwise healthy men and women, according to their body weights and ages. Healthcare providers now have a reliable test to detect it early before such complications set in," Dr Brown added.

T2DM is linked to increased cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. Undiagnosed prediabetes and T2DM in the US in 2017 were estimated to cost USD 43.4 and USD 31.7 billion, respectively. This economic burden highlights the need for better early detection efforts.

T2DM is asymptomatic in its initial stages, and prompt diagnosis can prevent or delay vascular complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy.

Researchers analysed survey data from the 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to establish normalised grip strength (grip strength relative to body weight) cut-points for T2DM risk. Inexpensive portable handgrip dynamometer devices were used to determine hand and forearm strength.

After controlling for sociodemographics (i.e., race/ethnicity, education, poverty, sex, and age), lifestyle factors (i.e., sedentary behaviour, alcohol use, and smoking status) and waist circumference, the investigators identified the grip strength levels of at-risk patients who were otherwise healthy.

These levels are presented with age and sex-specific grip strength cut points that correspond to varying body weights to increase the ease of use for practitioners as indicators of when further diabetes diagnostic testing is warranted.

For example, the cut point for women aged 50 to 80 years is 0.49. This means that if a 60-year old woman's combined grip strength from left and right hands was 43 kg and her body weight was 90 kg, her normalised grip strength would be 0.478. Since this value is less than 0.49, this indicates that she is at increased risk for diabetes and further screening is warranted.

"Given the low cost, minimal training requirement and quickness of the assessment, the use of the normalised grip strength cut points in this paper could be used in routine health screenings to identify at-risk patients and improve diagnosis and outcomes," said Dr Brown.

"This type of impactful research can make a difference for practitioners and individuals and is a key focal point of what Oakland University is all about. We are trying to improve the health and wellbeing of individuals," Dr Brown added.