A recent study has given new insight into how brain makes memories.
Every time you make a memory, somewhere in your brain a tiny filament reaches out from one neuron and forms an electrochemical connection to a neighboring neuron.
Vanderbilt University biologists studied how these connections are formed at the molecular and cellular level. The filaments that make these new connections are called dendritic spines and the researchers report that a specific signaling protein, Asef2, a member of a family of proteins that regulate cell migration and adhesion, plays a critical role in spine formation. This is significant as Asef2 has been linked to autism and the co-occurrence of alcohol dependency and depression.
Lead researcher Donna Webb said that alterations in dendritic spines are associated with many neurological and developmental disorders, such as autism, Alzheimer's disease and Down Syndrome, but the formation and maintenance of spines is a very complex process that we are just beginning to understand.
Neuron cell bodies produce two kinds of long fibers that weave through the brain: dendrites and axons. Axons transmit electrochemical signals from the cell body of one neuron to the dendrites of another neuron. Dendrites receive the incoming signals and carry them to the cell body. This is the way that neurons communicate with each other.
As they wait for incoming signals, dendrites continually produce tiny flexible filaments called filopodia. These poke out from the surface of the dendrite and wave about in the region between the cells searching for axons. At the same time, biologists think that the axons secrete chemicals of an unknown nature that attract the filopodia.
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When one of the dendritic filaments makes contact with one of the axons, it begins to adhere and to develop into a spine. The axon and spine form the two halves of a synaptic junction. New connections like this form the basis for memory formation and storage.
Once they figure out the mechanisms involved, then they may be able to find drugs that can restore spine formation in people who have lost it, which could give them back their ability to remember, added Webb.
The study appears in the Journal of Biological Chemistry.