A new study suggests that T cells, which help the body's immune system to recognise a friend from foe, may play an important role in Parkinson's Disease (PD).
PD is a neurodegenerative disorder in which dopamine-producing brain cells die off, resulting in tremors, muscle stiffness, loss of balance and slow movement.
"This collaboration between neuroscientists and immunologists provides important new evidence for ways in which the immune system can play a role in PD, a link that can be used to further define this interaction," said Beth-Anne Sieber from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).
A research team led by David Sulzer from Columbia University in New York City and Alessandro Sette, Dr. Biol. Sci., professor of infectious diseases at the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology in California, examined the role of T cells in PD.
The team collected blood samples from 67 individuals with Parkinson's Disease and 36 healthy controls.
The immune cells were extracted from the samples and mixed with portions of the alpha-synuclein protein which accumulates in the brains of people with PD and can result in cell death.
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The findings indicated that T cells from people with PD responded to the presence of alpha-synuclein to a much greater degree than those gathered from the control group.
The researchers identified four genetic variations that were associated with T cell reactivity to alpha-synuclein.
More than half of people with PD carried at least one of those variants, compared to 20 percent of controls.
"These findings expose a potential biomarker for PD that may someday help in diagnosing the disease or be used to evaluate how well treatments are working," Sette stated.
According to the authors, the results suggest that PD may have characteristics of an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system incorrectly attacks the body's own cells.
"As we age, proteins throughout the body undergo various molecular modifications. If they become unrecognizable, then immune system may start going after them, thinking they may be dangerous invaders," Sulzer noted.
The research appears in the journal Nature.