Researchers have developed a new molecule that could help preserve heart tissue during, and even after, a heart attack.
The study was published in the 'JAHA: Journal of the American Heart Association.'
"Cardiologists say that when a heart attack occurs, time is muscle," said Robert Gourdie, director of the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research.
Without oxygen supplied by blood flow, heart cells die -- fast. But while a heart attack may only reduce blood and oxygen to an isolated section of heart cells -- causing what's called hypoxic-ischemic injury -- those dying cells send signals to their neighbors.
"The problem is that the area of dying tissue is not quarantined. Damaged heart cells start to send out signals to otherwise healthy cells, and the injury becomes much bigger," said Gourdie.
Scientists sometimes call this spread of injury signals to nearby healthy tissues a "bystander effect." But what if there were a way to keep the injury localized to the group of cells that are directly affected by the hypoxic-ischemic injury while allowing the nearby heart muscle cells to remain intact?
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Nearly a decade ago Gourdie, in collaboration with a postdoctoral fellow in his lab, Gautam Ghatnekar, stumbled across a promising discovery. Gourdie's team discovered a compound that targets the activity of channels in cell membranes responsible for controlling key aspects of the bystander effect.
But the compound, called alphaCT1, also had other unexpected and beneficial effects, particularly in relation to skin wound healing.
"We found that it helped reduce inflammation, helped heal chronic wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers," said Gourdie.
The group designed molecules with slight chemical differences from the parent molecule, which led to an unexpected discovery. One of the alphaCT1 variants -- called alphaCT11 -- showed more potency than the parent molecule.
"AlphaCT11 seems to be even more effective than the original peptide in protecting hearts from an ischemic injury similar to those occurring during a heart attack," said Gourdie.
The study revealed that alphaCT11 gives a robust injury-reducing effect, even when given 20 minutes after the loss of blood flow that causes ischemic injury. When put to the same test, the parent peptide did not appear to provide a heart-protective effect when administered after ischemic injury.
"AlphaCT11 could provide the basis for a new way to treat heart attacks and prevent the spread of damage that occurs immediately after a heart attack," said Gourdie.
The researchers perfused isolated laboratory mouse hearts, keeping the organ alive and beating for a number of hours. Ongoing studies, through collaboration with Virginia Commonwealth University's Antonio Abbate and Stefano Toldo, will examine how alphaCT11 performs in live mice.
Gourdie is also developing new methods for delivering alphaCT11 using naturally-derived tiny lipid droplets called exosomes. These newer experiments could provide a stepping stone toward clinical trials in patients who have suffered a heart attack.