"Decarbonizing the global economy is likely to bring greater scrutiny on the energy and carbon intensity of the steel sector, which is responsible for 6% - 7% of global emissions," says John Thieroff, a Vice President with Moody's Investors Service. "The challenge to the steel industry will be to lower carbon intensity at a time of strong demand growth."
A key risk for steelmakers is that regulations for their emissions will vary by locale. Moody's sees the biggest challenge for emissions reduction to be in developing markets with a strong commitment to reduce emissions such as China. In contrast most developed countries already have strong policies in place to which steelmakers have adapted. However, future tightening of these policies would be challenging, particularly for companies not using modern technologies and processes.
While there remain numerous regulatory uncertainties regarding emissions reduction efforts across jurisdictions, it is clear that some operators will have an easier time adjusting than others. For example, weak profitability in the industry will weigh on the ability of many steelmakers to spend on clean technologies and processes. Weak profitability is reflected in the ratings skew towards high yield among the companies rated by Moody's (25 of 36 steel companies as of February 2018), highlighting the challenge ahead for companies to invest in emissions efficiency efforts.
Differences in production routes will also help determine winners and losers in the global steel industry's carbon transition. Blast furnace operators will bear much of the risk, while steelmakers using electric arc furnaces may have an easier time meeting goals.
Steelmakers' product mix will also be an important factor to consider. Companies with a high proportion of non-transport end markets particularly construction, which comprises half the global steel market are better protected from substitution. Automakers seeking to reduce weight to offset heavy batteries as they electrify will amplify steelmakers' already considerable substitution risk from lightweight materials such as aluminum and carbon fiber.
The report notes that there is no near-term large scale technological solution for the sector's carbon emissions. Carol Cowan, a Senior Vice President with Moody's Investors Service says, "New steelmaking technologies that would result in substantially reduced carbon intensity are in early phases of development, lack either commercial or technical viability, and are unlikely to gain widespread adoption in the next 10 years."
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