Only 16 of 29 states and seven union territories had digitised the leaky ration-card system of the world's largest programme to distribute subsidised food, the targeted public distribution system (TDPS), by the end of April 2015, according to the latest-available government data.
Nearly half of 55.45 million tonnes of foodgrain despatched for sale to more than 99 million families never reaches them, according to this 2015 paper (using 2011 data) by Ashok Gulati and Shweta Saini of the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations.
Digitising the TPDS is important to cut India's burgeoning subsidy bill, up 298 percent over the last 10 years. Of Rs.2.27 lakh crore ($33 billion) in subsidies, Rs.124,000 crore, or 54.6 percent, will be spent on food subsidies, according to the 2015-16 budget.
More From This Section
Cutting leaks in food subsidies is important to restrict government spending, which grows the fiscal deficit and reduces money available to build infrastructure.
The digitisation programme includes computer tracking of foodgrain from warehouse despatch to customer delivery, a transparency portal that reveals foodgrain and subsidy details, an online grievance-redressal mechanism, and a toll-free helpline.
The TDPS is supposed to benefit 65.2 million families below the official poverty line (the ability to spend Rs.1,000 per month per person in urban areas and Rs.816 per month in rural areas) and 24.2 million families described as the "poorest of the poor", beneficiaries registered under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY).
The TPDS was started in June 1997 to "benefit the poor and keep the budgetary food subsidies under control", after the earlier PDS system, which was a general entitlement scheme for all consumers, whether billionaire or pauper, was deemed a failure.
"The digitisation process is working towards plugging the pilferage of food items meant for distribution to the poor people," said Syed S. Kazi, in this case study on e-governance. "Besides monitoring the movement of grains, an automated computerised system is also helping to eliminate the chances of preparing duplicate ration-cards and also ensure that there are no human interventions in the maintenance of the records."
Food subsidies soar, as does farm distress. Cuts can only come from stopping leaks
In 2013, the previous Congress-led government enacted the National Food Security Act which entitles the 99.4 million households mentioned to five kg of subsidised foodgrain per person per month. The AAY offers its beneficiaries 35 kg of foodgrain per family per month.
Although the Bharatiya Janata Party, which now runs the government, wanted to oppose the subsidised-food law then, it did not, fearing a political backlash, as the Economic Times reported. Now, with farm distress worsening across India, there is little chance of a cutback.
The budget to implement the National Food Security Act grew from Rs.10,000 crore in 2013-14 to Rs.59,000 crore in 2014-15. Over three years, the money set aside to implement the food-subsidy law rose six-and-a-half times to Rs.65,000 crore.
The overall food-subsidy bill increased from Rs.90,000 crore in 2013-14 to Rs.1,15,000 crore in 2014-15, rising to Rs.1,24,000 crore in the 2015-16 budget.
Leaders and laggards: Tamil Nadu has digitised ration-cards 100 percent, Odisha 3 percent
Among the 16 states that have completed ration-card digitisation, 12 states and Delhi have implemented the online allocation of foodgrain.
Only five states (Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) and Delhi have completed the computerisation of the TPDS supply chain.
Odisha has done the least work among the states, digitising no more than three percent of its ration-cards.
Tamil Nadu has completed 100 percent digitisation and implemented other components of the programme, but has yet to set up a transparency portal, an online grievance redressal mechanism and a toll-free helpline.
Ghosts in the system: Plugging loopholes in public distribution
This 2005 Performance Evaluation of TPDS identified three errors in the original PDS in 16 states: Exclusion errors (keeping out families below the poverty line), inclusion errors (including families above the poverty line) and ghost or fake consumers.
Exclusion of families below the poverty line was the highest in Assam and Gujarat, lowest in Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. Inclusion of families above the poverty line was the highest in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, lowest in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
The largest percentage of ghosts, 20.58 percent, was reported in Karnataka, none in Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Rajasthan.
The largest leaks in the entire system were reported in Bihar and Punjab, where 75 percent of all foodgrain never reached the beneficiaries.
Manipur reported the largest leaks at warehouses - 97.8 percent. Chhattisgarh had no leaks due to an acclaimed computerisation that began 12 years ago.
The most leaks of foodgrain from central government stocks were in Uttar Pradesh at 15.3 percent. It is here that one of India's poorest regions, Bundelkhand, illustrates why a robust TPDS is important-not just to save the government money, but to save lives.
Why plugging leakages is especially important in Bundelkhand
Hit by successive droughts, farm failures, farmer suicides and endemic poverty, as IndiaSpend has reported, the subsidised-food programme is vital to Bundelkhand, an arid land of 13 districts spread across southwestern UP and northcentral Madhya Pradesh.
No more than 42 percent of the poorest households surveyed had cards that would allow them food-subsidy benefits, according to a survey by activist group Swaraj Abhiyan.
A staggering 60 percent of surveyed households did not have access to rice and wheat distributed under TPDS. As many as 38 percent villages reported at least one death from hunger or malnutrition.
End-to-end computerisation is an important step in ensuring subsidised foodgrain reaches those it is meant to reach, reducing the money the government spends in trying to do this and, eventually, benefitting millions of India's poorest people.
(In arrangement with IndiaSpend.org, a data-driven, non-profit, public interest journalism platform. Sumit Chaturvedi is an independent journalist and a blogger at opiniontandoor.in The views expressed are personal. The author can be contacted at respond@indiaspend.org)