New Delhi, April 24 (IANS) The number of deaths from malaria might be steadily declining, but health experts believe the mosquito sting continues to pose a grave threat to millions in the country.
An estimated one million fresh cases of the disease - which causes body ache and fever - are reported in India each year. About 95 percent of the country's population resides in malaria endemic areas.
According to the World Malaria Report 2011, over 70 percent of the country's 1.2 billion population faces the risk of malaria infection, with an estimated 310 million people - one-third of the total - facing the "highest risk".
"The situation is very bad and it is an epidemic sort of issue. Malaria is quite rampant across the country, particularly in rural areas," S. Chatterjee, senior consultant, internal medicine, at Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, told IANS.
Sandeep Budhiaraja, director (internal medicine) at Max Hospital, added: "The problem very much exists, and not just in the rural areas but also in major cities like Delhi. The situation is certainly very bad."
He said though the country has been effective in treating the disease with new medicine, the threat of plasmodium which causes the disease becoming resistant to new drugs remains.
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"Even though the plasmodium became resistant to old conventional treatment, new drugs have been effective for now. But, we have seen in countries like Cambodia and Thailand, it has developed resistance. Though the type is different, threat remains that it may also develop some resistance," Budhiaraja said.
Echoing similar views, Chatterjee said most physicians no longer administer Chloroquine to patients as the plasmodium - P. falciparum - that causes the severe type of malaria has more or less developed resistance to the drug. He said the drug has only been effective in controlling the milder from of malaria.
The main vector of the disease in India is the female Anopheles Culicifacies, which is a small to medium sized mosquito. They usually breed in rainwater pools and puddles, burrow-pits, irrigation channels, seepages and sluggish streams. Extensive breeding is generally encountered following the monsoon.
Some experts, however, also say that investments in malaria control have yielded good returns in the past years.
Manish Mohil, consultant (internal medicine) at Saket City Hospital, said even though the situation is not good, most hospitals and doctors are usually well equipped to handle malaria cases and only severe cases are reffered to speciality hospitals.
"People are as much responsible as the government for not being able to curb the disease. The issue is that citizens don't take proper precautions even when they are more or less aware," Mohil told IANS.
"In last five years, there has been a constant reduction in the number of malaria cases in the country. The number of cases has gradually come down from 2 million in 2001 to about 1.2 million in 2011," said a senior scientist at the National Institute of Malaria Research.
Recent government data also shows a decline both in the number of malaria cases and related deaths.
According to National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), over 1.5 million cases of malaria were reported in the country in 2009 and 2010. The figure fell to 1.3 million in 2011 and to 1 million in 2012. Till March 25 this year, 72,327 cases have been reported.
Likewise, the number of malaria related deaths in the country in 2009 were 1,144 and came down to 1,018 in 2010. In 2011, the number further came down to 754, and to 506 in 2012. This year, till March 25, the number of deaths are only 18.
However, in a clear contradiction to the government data, a 2011 study by Lancet stated that malaria actually killed an estimated 46,800 Indians in 2010. The country had over 10 crore suspected malaria cases but only 15.9 lakh could be confirmed in 2010, according to World Malaria Report 2011.
Experts, however, say more needs to be done to completely check the disease.
Towards this, the World Malaria Day celebrated on April 25, instituted by WHO during the 2007 World Health Assembly of 2007, aims to highlight the need for continued investment and sustained political commitment for malaria prevention and control.
According to the World Malaria Report 2011, malaria is prevalent in 106 countries of the tropical and semi-tropical world, with 35 countries in central Africa bearing the highest burden of cases and deaths. Compared to a century earlier, the area of malaria risk has reduced from 53 percent to 27 percent of the earth's land surface, while the number of countries exposed to some level of malaria risk has fallen from 140 to 106.
Worldwide, there were 655,000 deaths from the disease in 2010.
(Harris Zargar can be contacted at harris.z@ians.in)