Regardless, is India going in the right direction? Has it adopted the right policies for that? India's aim is to reach the replacement rate in fertility of 2.1, at which level the population should level out. Progress on this front has been reasonable. In the 2005-10 period, the fertility rate went down from 2.9 to 2.5, that is by 14 per cent. But to answer the question as to why things could not have been better, it is necessary to look at the huge variation between states - from 1.7 for Kerala, equivalent to Canada's, to 3.4 for Bihar, equivalent to Pakistan's. The policy prescription is obvious. States like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan have to get their act together and aspire to be like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Things can improve quickly, as shown by Rajasthan; or a state can punch above its weight, as Odisha does at 2.3 - which is better than 2.5 of Narendra Modi's Gujarat! But any notion that India is doing well has to be rejected by looking at the remarkable progress made by Bangladesh, which at 2.2 has a better fertility rate than India and, importantly, will not lose this lead even by 2050.
Overall, it has to be remembered that an excessively sharp fall in the fertility rate to below the replacement level, as has happened in the case of China, can lead to a population ageing too fast with the attendant downside. So India must keep its primary focus on improving mother and child care and hope better educated and healthier young women will lead the country in the right direction. A poor country has much to gain by having its population grow slowly but steadily, as that keeps the number of people in the working age high without the overall number going up too far or fast.