Venezuela's new attempt at capital controls will function about as well as the last one the Latin American nation adopted three decades ago. In other words, they won't work. Two-tier exchange rates are frequently used to limit imports. History, however, suggests that foreign exchange systems like Venezuela's newest, with three or more tiers, tend to foster rent-seeking behaviour, corruption and create economic costs before falling apart.
Venezuela devalued the bolivar by 32 percent last month, and has limited dollar sales, resulting in the black market rate declining to 23.50 bolivars for every $1, compared to the official exchange rate of 6.30. On March 19, Venezuela's acting president and central bank governor announced that the central bank would now auction additional dollars to domestic purchasers of essential goods such as medicine, at rates below the official 6.30. In the short term, with an election due on April 14, this may produce a recovery in the black market rate and lower inflation, which is partly driven by prices of unofficial imports.
Restrictions on foreign exchange purchases, producing an official exchange rate and a black market rate, are frequently used by governments wishing to reduce imports and dampen rising prices for goods and services at home. Economic theory suggests they are suboptimal but if combined with careful macroeconomic management they can last for many years and can accompany stability and growth.
In Latin America, multi-tier exchange rates were used during the 1980s crisis by both Mexico and Venezuela. In both cases, rent-seeking through arbitrage between different rates became rampant, as did corruption among the government officials administering the system. Inflation rose, output declined, and the exchange rate policies were replaced - in Mexico by a two-tier system, in Venezuela by the free market.
Venezuela's previous unhappy experience with multi-tier exchange rates ended only 24 years ago; its officials must have short memories.
Venezuela devalued the bolivar by 32 percent last month, and has limited dollar sales, resulting in the black market rate declining to 23.50 bolivars for every $1, compared to the official exchange rate of 6.30. On March 19, Venezuela's acting president and central bank governor announced that the central bank would now auction additional dollars to domestic purchasers of essential goods such as medicine, at rates below the official 6.30. In the short term, with an election due on April 14, this may produce a recovery in the black market rate and lower inflation, which is partly driven by prices of unofficial imports.
Restrictions on foreign exchange purchases, producing an official exchange rate and a black market rate, are frequently used by governments wishing to reduce imports and dampen rising prices for goods and services at home. Economic theory suggests they are suboptimal but if combined with careful macroeconomic management they can last for many years and can accompany stability and growth.
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Many-tiered exchange rate systems, such as Venezuela's newest, are more problematic. Iran currently operates one, not an encouraging example, and the centrally planned COMECON economies also sometimes used them. Juan Peron's Argentina in 1949 employed six exchange rates, preferential A, preferential B, special, basic, auction and the black market rate - there was a spread of about 2.5 to 1 between the different rates.
In Latin America, multi-tier exchange rates were used during the 1980s crisis by both Mexico and Venezuela. In both cases, rent-seeking through arbitrage between different rates became rampant, as did corruption among the government officials administering the system. Inflation rose, output declined, and the exchange rate policies were replaced - in Mexico by a two-tier system, in Venezuela by the free market.
Venezuela's previous unhappy experience with multi-tier exchange rates ended only 24 years ago; its officials must have short memories.