Thousands of taxi drivers, shouting slogans such as "Uber out" and "Down with piracy" brought traffic to a near standstill in the congested Colombian capital.
Authorities arrested 16 people and issued 189 fines. Four police officers were injured.
"This protest wouldn't have happened if the government wasn't so permissive and had forced Uber out of the country," said Freddy Contreras, a spokesman for the taxi drivers.
As in other major cities in the world, cabbies in Bogota are opposed to Uber, the California-based company that operates in 59 countries and is valued at more than $50 billion.
Colombia is a major Latin American market for Uber.