The protest, organised by AAP traders' wing, was joined by party leader Ashutosh.
"Jewellers are angry over the excise duty. When Narendra Modi was chief minister (of Gujarat), he had opposed it. So, why has he imposed the excise now?" said Ashutosh.
The move will "hurt" small traders and their business will "suffer" in the face of competition from bigger businessmen and multinational companies, he claimed.
"The government is hell bent on destroying the small traders with numerous small taxes," the party alleged.
Earlier, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal, too, had attacked the Centre over its proposed hike in the excise duty.
"Modi government has back stabbed jewellers. Modi government is doing what UPA was doing," Kejriwal had said in a tweet.