The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights says the clashes concentrated in the eastern neighbourhood of Sakhour.
The opposition's Aleppo Media Center said troops failed to advance in the battle that continued until the early hours of today.
The fighting follows three US officials saying yesterday that President Barack Obama has authorised sending weapons to Syrian rebels for the first time.
The attack on rebel-held Sakhour comes a week after Syrian government forces backed by Hezbollah fighters captured the town of Qusair near the Lebanon border.