The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said the blast struck near the offices of the al-Qaida-linked Nusra Front and another group, Ahrar al-Sham, in the village of Shmeitiyeh in Deir el-Zour province.
The Observatory, which relies on a network of activists on the ground, said an Ahrar al-Sham commander in the area and an Islamic judge affiliated with the Nusra Front also were among those killed.
There was no immediate claim of responsibility for the bombing.
The rebel infighting also has undermined the broader opposition battle against President Bashar Assad's forces, depriving the rebels of manpower and resources needed to fight the government.
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The Islamic State holds sway over much of northern and eastern Syria, and is waging an offensive in Deir el-Zour against the government and rival rebels. The extremist group, which has been disavowed by al-Qaida, has also seized control of much of northern and western Iraq over the past week.
It added that there were also heavy clashes between the Islamic State and its rivals on the edge of the town of Basira.
Also today, the head of the international chemical weapons watchdog said that a preliminary report by the fact-finding mission sent to Syria to investigate alleged chlorine attacks "lends credence to the view that toxic chemicals" have indeed been used in the country.