The presidential palace gave journalists a dossier from a team sent by President Hamid Karzai to Parwan province to gather evidence on the airstrike on January 15.
Among the 14 photographs in the dossier is an AFP image taken on September 4, 2009 of a funeral in Kunduz province after a US airstrike that destroyed two fuel tankers, killing at least 70 civilians.
Aimal Faizi, spokesman for President Karzai, was not immediately available for comment.
The New York Times added that some of the material in the dossier was posted on a Taliban website two days before the government began handing it out. It also raised questions over the authenticity of at least one other photograph in the dossier.
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Karzai and the US-led NATO coalition both confirm there were civilian casualties in the joint Afghan-US operation on Taliban-held villages in Parwan province.
NATO said "several" civilians died during the 24-hour operation, without giving details, while Karzai backed the investigation team's conclusion that 12 civilians died.
Civilian casualties have been one of the most sensitive issues of the 13-year military intervention in Afghanistan, and Karzai has often used misguided airstrikes to berate foreign countries and stir public anger.
He has focused on the Parwan deaths to castigate Washington as ties between the two allies fray badly over stalled negotiations on a deal to allow some US troops to remain in the country after 2014.
At a government-organised press conference in Kabul on Sunday, families of the civilian victims of the Parwan operation denied that the photograph was from 2009 and said it was of a mass funeral after the attack.