The area known as Babaji, 12 kilometers from Lashkar Gah, capital of Helmand province, is back under government control, said the Interior Ministry's spokesman, Sediq Sediqqi. He said reinforcements had arrived and a clearing operation was underway.
Residents in the city reported hearing gunfire on the outskirts, but said shops and businesses remained open.
The UN's High Commissioner for Refugees had received no "credible reports" that people were leaving the city to escape the violence, said spokesman Mans Nyberg.
Vast quantities of opium, the raw material for most of the world's heroin, are grown in Helmand. Transport routes for the opium are vitally important to the Taliban, who receive much of their funding from the illicit crop.
The Taliban advance on Lashkar Gah came less than a month after the insurgents seized the northern city of Kunduz on September 28, holding it for three days before a government counteroffensive drove them out. Insurgents remain in some districts around the city, where they have been entrenched for much of this year.