Karzai and US Secretary of State John Kerry spoke twice by telephone after the Afghan government became enraged that the office was opened in a blaze of publicity and US officials were apparently about to arrive for talks.
The office used the formal name of "Islamic Emirate Of Afghanistan" from the rebels' 1996-2001 government, and a Taliban spokesman at the opening press conference declined to say they supported the peace process.
Karzai told Kerry that Afghan public opinion was "extremely negative" to the way in which the Taliban office had been unveiled in an event that many experts described as an international publicity coup for the rebels.
"The opening of this office has made the Taliban look strong, the Americans desperate and President Karzai angry," the Afghanistan Analysts Network said in a briefing note.
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Afghanistan 1400, a civil youth group, said the office should be used to hold Taliban leaders to account for their crimes.
With the US-led NATO combat mission due to end next year, US officials are determined to resume talks with the Taliban after tentative contacts limited to a prisoner swap collapsed last year.
But Karzai, the only leader of Afghanistan since the Taliban were toppled in the 2001 US-led invasion, opposes bilateral US-Taliban talks.
Yesterday he broke off ongoing Afghan-US talks on an agreement that would allow Washington to maintain soldiers in Afghanistan after the NATO combat mission ends.
"Reports of a meeting being scheduled or on the books aren't accurate," spokeswoman Jen Psaki told reporters, saying Washington had "never confirmed" the date and place of any specific meeting.
"We are now in consultations with the Afghan leadership and the High Peace Council on how to move forward," she said.
The High Peace Council is the government body in charge of leading peace efforts with the Taliban.