City's 30-match unbeaten run in the league, which spanned two seasons, came to a dramatic end with a 4-3 defeat by Liverpool at Anfield last week.
But their return to winning ways here had manager Pep Guardiola proclaiming his side needed 10 more victories to be crowned champions.
Their advantage at the top of the table had been cut to single figures, for a few hours at least, when second-placed Manchester United beat Burnley 1-0 earlier on Saturday.
The Argentina striker then converted a 63rd-minute penalty awarded after Raheem Sterling tumbled in the box following a tug by Javier Manquillo.
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But struggling Newcastle scored against the run of play four minutes later when a rare lapse saw Jacob Murphy sprint through and finish in composed fashion.
Aguero, however, put the result beyond doubt when City's all-time leading goalscorer completed his 11th hat-trick for the club seven minutes from time following a superb run and pass from Leroy Sane.
- 'Didn't panic' -
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Guardiola added: "We need 10 more wins to be champions...It was important how we reacted at 2-1, we didn't panic."
Meanwhile, Arsenal showed there was plenty of life after Alexis Sanchez as they beat Crystal Palace 4-1 without the United-bound Chilean forward.
With Sanchez inching towards a 35 million (39.6 million euros, $48.5 million) transfer to United rather than City, Gunners manager Arsene Wenger left him out of his matchday squad.
Any fears Arsenal might falter up front without him proved groundless as they surged into a 4-0 lead inside 22 minutes at the Emirates Stadium thanks to goals from Nacho Monreal, Alex Iwobi, Laurent Koscielny, Alex Iwobi and Alexandre Lacazette before Luka Milivojevic pulled one back for Palace late on.
- United 'so close' to Sanchez -
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At Turf Moor, United striker Anthony Martial scored a 54th-minute winner with his third league goal in as many matches.
Jose Mourinho left midfielder Henrikh Mkhitaryan, the proposed makeweight in the Sanchez deal, out of his matchday squad and afterwards the United manager indicated the transfer saga was nearing an end.
"Expect soon or never," he said. "So close, so close, so close...I know my people are doing absolutely everything they can."
Chelsea won 4-0 away to Brighton as the reigning English champions leapfrogged Liverpool, who play Swansea on Monday, into third place.
The Blues' first win of 2018 saw Eden Hazard score twice with a goal in each half, while Willian and Victor Moses were also on target.
On a day when all Premier League fixtures were preceded by a minute's applause honouring former West Bromwich Albion and England forward Cyrille Regis, a trailblazer for black players who died aged 59 last week, the Baggies drew 1-1 with Everton.
But the sight of Toffees midfielder James McCarthy going off with a broken leg cast a shadow over Everton boss Sam Allardyce's 1,000th game as a manager.
New Stoke manager Paul Lambert won his first game in charge of the Potters as they beat Huddersfield 2-0 with second-half goals from Joe Allen and Mame Biram Diouf to climb out of the relegation zone.
Leicester beat Watford 2-0 while West Ham and Bournemouth drew 1-1.