It said in a statement that Bouteflika, 78, was making "a short, private visit during which he will undergo regular medical tests by his doctors", without specifying the location in France.
Bouteflika has ruled the oil-rich North African state since 1999, but concerns have been growing over how much longer he can stay in power.
He won re-election last year but appeared only once during the campaign, in a wheelchair after suffering a stroke in 2013 that has affected his movement and speech.
"The president is supervising the implementation of his programme on a daily basis and step by step," the premier said on state television.
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"State institutions must be respected," he said, calling for "an end to statements which provoke tensions in the country".
Unusually for leaders in the Arab world, Bouteflika's public engagements have become rare and he appears on local television only when foreign dignitaries visit.
His opponents, including his rival in the 2014 presidential polls, Ali Benflis, have spoken of a "power vacuum".