Ancestor of snakes, lizards likely gave birth to live young

In an unusual discovery, scientists have found that the ancestor of snakes and lizards likely gave birth to live young, rather than laying eggs.
Over time the species have switched back and forth in their preferred reproductive mode, researchers said.
"This is a very unusual and controversial finding, and a major overturn of an accepted school of thought," said Alex Pyron, from the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences at the George Washington University.
"Before, researchers long assumed that the ancestor of snakes and lizards laid eggs, and that if a species switched to live birth, it never reverted back. We found this wasn't the case," said Pyron.

The findings push researchers' understanding of the evolution of live birth a lot further back in time to 175 million years ago, showing that live birth has a much more ancient past as a strategy than previously believed.
The findings are backed by several recent plesiosaur and mosasaur fossil discoveries and the fossil record of a few lizards from the Cretaceous Period, which had embryos in the mother and had live birth.

Pyron analysed an evolutionary tree containing all groups of squamates - the group that comprises lizards and snakes - which he and a team of researchers published in the journal BMC Evolutionary Biology earlier this year.

The tree, which uses DNA sequencing technology to group thousands of lizards and snakes, includes all families and subfamilies and most genus and species groups.
In total, about 115 groups of lizards and snakes, or about 2,000 species, have live birth. The other 8,000 species lay eggs - at least right now.
Pyron is working next to analyse all tetrapods - a group comprised of animals with four legs, such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and turtles - to see if there are any new surprises about the evolution of their reproductive modes.
He also wants to test the genetics at work behind the evolutionary switching of reproductive mode.

The study was published in the journal Ecology Letters.