Another Englishman, Trueman, had taken 229 wickets in this country, while former captain Ian Botham (226) was second in the list.
Anderson went past Trueman when he had India opener Shikhar Dhawan caught in the third slip by Gary Ballance on the first day of the second Test at Lord's.
The 30-year-old Anderson has taken 359 wickets overall in 95 Tests at an average of 30.50, with 11/71 being his best match haul.
Anderson could be banned for two to four Tests if charges against him are proved. The altercation took place during the lunch break of the second day's play when the two players were walking back to the pavilion for lunch. It is not yet known what triggered the fracas.
Jadeja was unbeaten on 24, and captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni on 81, while Anderson had bowled the last over before lunch. Anderson was charged under Level 3 of the ICC Code of Conduct after India team manager Sunil Dev lodged the complaint.