Anderson bowled 13 unchanged overs in yesterday's morning session, taking three for 29 on his way to innings figures of five for 73 and a match return of 10 for 158 as Ashes-holders England went 1-0 up in this five-match series.
At 231 for nine, Australia were 80 runs shy of their victory target of 311. But a last-wicket stand of 65 between Brad Haddin (71) and James Pattinson (25 not out) took them to the brink of a sensational win.
And the 30-year-old Lancashire seamer duly obliged, albeit with the aid of the controversial Decision Review System (DRS), to have Haddin caught behind by opposing wicketkeeper Matt Prior after England successfully challenged Pakistani umpire Aleem Dar's original not out verdict.
Anderson's match figures were his best in Test cricket since he took 11 for 71 against Pakistan at Trent Bridge in 2010.
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"I had the nerves going a little bit but I love bowling here, it's been good to me over the years and I'm happy that I could pick up some more wickets," said Anderson, who has now taken 49 wickets in seven Trent Bridge Tests.
"If I'm bowling 13-over spells it's going to be difficult!
"But it's Ashes cricket...That's why we do the hard work in the gym -- to get out there and bowl long spells.
"As soon as I got the ball I felt in control and I wasn't nervous because I knew what I was doing and I knew I could get that final wicket," added Anderson, whose first three wickets on Sunday, all came via catches by Cook at first slip.