Song Yanli was sentenced by the Intermediate People's Court of Liuzhou City, south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
Song set the bus on fire using gasoline to vent his anger over a personal dispute on November 21, 2014, state-run Xinhua news agency reported.
Eleven people were injured in the incident.
Song fled the scene but was caught by police three days later.
Song, convicted of arson, posed a severe threat to public security and showed no remorse, a court statement said.
The statement did not mention whether the defendant would appeal.