While Dhawan was ranked 32nd after his century against Sri Lanka, Test captain Virat Kohli, who also scored 110 in the first innings, was static to be the best-placed Indian batsman at number 10.
Spinner Ashwin, who had a 10-wicket haul for a losing cause, was at ninth place in the bowling list after jumping three places.
Skipper Angelo Mathews has overtaken his team-mate Kumar Sangakarra and, in the process, moved up one place to fifth in the Test batsmen list after scores of 64 and 39.
Sangakarra, who will make his final appearance for Sri Lanka in the second Test which starts in Colombo on Thursday, now lies nine points behind Mathews on 851 points.
Courtesy his 134, Dhawan has become only the third Indian opening batsman - after Sunil Gavaskar and Rahul Dravid - to score Test centuries in consecutive innings overseas.