The world and Olympic champion hit back from his shock 200m loss to Kosuke Hagino as he dominated the Japanese and South Korea's Park Tae-Hwan, winning comfortably by 1.3 seconds.
Sun roared in celebration at the win, among five for China on the night as they finally hit form in the pool and leapt ahead of Japan 10-7 in the swimming titles tally.
It completed a triumphant day for Asia's powerhouse, which has long dominated the regional Olympics and has now accumulated 39 gold medals, more than double the 17 gathered by second-placed South Korea.
"It's a confirmed case," a source told AFP, adding that the as yet unidentified player would be kicked out of tournament.
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The Central Asian republic are due to play Iraq in the second round of the men's football on Thursday.
The doping case comes after two incidents of alleged sexual assault at the Games, involving an Iranian football official and a member of the Palestinian team.
Sun, who blamed a thumb injury for his 200m loss to Hagino, strolled out for the race wearing a pair of gold headphones and he kept his cool when Hagino shot out to an early lead.
Olympic champion Ye Shiwen crushed the competition in the women's 400m medley, Ning Zetao won the men's 50m freestyle and Chen Xinyi won the women's 100m butterfly before China's women finished off with 4x200m freestyle gold.
- Shooting sensation -
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China claimed 14 golds on day four across shooting, wushu, weightlifting, synchronised swimming and gymnastics, where Yao Jinnan won the women's individual all-round title.
Eighteen-year-old hooting sensation Yang Haoran led a sweep of the men's 10m air rifle event as the world champion claimed the individual title after helping China to team gold.
Bronze went to Abhinav Bindra, India's first and only individual Olympic gold medallist who has announced he is retreating from full-time shooting.
"I have been shooting for the last 20 years -- there is nothing else I have done all these years -- and I know it's time to rethink my future," Bindra said.
Another spell of weightlifting records saw Taiwan's Lin Tzu-chi break two world bests to win the women's 63kg, while China's Lin Qingfeng took gold in the men's 69kg.
China took on hosts South Korea in the men's team badminton final, with an early loss to their top seed Chen Long raising the hopes of home fans.