Spectators along the 42.2 kilometer course held signs reading "Running for you" and "Waiting for you," addressed to the prime minister, who participated in past races.
Lebanese President Michel Aoun had encouraged runners to call on Hariri to return.
Hariri, a close Saudi ally, unexpectedly announced his resignation a week ago in a pre-recorded message broadcast on Saudi TV. Many Lebanese suspect he was placed under house arrest as part of a Saudi plan to wreck a coalition government he had formed with Hezbollah.
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