Sheikh Ali Salman will stand trial from January 28 on charges of "promoting the overthrow and change of the political regime by force," prosecutor general Nayef Mahmud said in a statement.
Salman, head of the influential Al-Wefaq bloc, has been in custody since December 28 and his detention has sparked near-daily protests across the Shiite-majority but Sunni-ruled kingdom.
Salman was also charged with inciting disobedience and inciting hatred against a part of the population in public statements.
Shiite-dominated Iran has been accused of interfering in Bahrain since its Sunni government crushed protests led by Al-Wefaq in 2011 seeking a constitutional monarchy.
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Salman was given "all legal guarantees" such as assistance from a team of lawyers and family visits during his questioning, Mahmud said.
In an emailed statement, Al-Wefaq rejected the accusations against Salman which it described as "unrealistic" after he himself "categorically rejected" them during investigations.
"There is no real case and no legal or moral excuse to detain or try" Salman, it said.
Salman's arrest sparked condemnation from Iran, the United States and international rights groups.
Human Rights Watch on Sunday urged Bahrain's Western allies to press the kingdom to release detained activists including Salman.
The New York-based organisation had said the authorities had failed to present any evidence against Salman that would justify his detention.
And Amnesty International said meanwhile that if convicted, it would consider Salman "a prisoner of conscience".
Al-Wefaq has claimed that a man had died from what it said may have been tear gas inhalation following clashes Saturday between protesters and police in Salman's village of Bilad al-Qadim.