Delwar Hossain and his wife Mahmuda Akter were formally charged over the blaze that tore through the Tazreen factory on Dhaka's outskirts, trapping workers who stitched clothes for Western retailers.
"The court charged the 13 including Delwar and his wife with causing death by negligence," prosecutor Khandakar Abdul Mannan said outside the district court in Dhaka.
"The judge ordered a trial from October 1 when witness testimonies will be recorded," Mannan told AFP.
But the disaster was followed by an even bigger tragedy less than 12 months later, when the nine-storey Rana Plaza garment complex collapsed killing 1,138 people.
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Mannan said the 13 charged over the blaze, who also include factory managers and security guards, face a maximum of ten years in jail if convicted of their roles in the fire.
Eight of those charged, including the owners, were present in court on Thursday, while the five others were still on the run, he said.
But factory owners, who are often powerful players in Bangladesh business and politically connected, rarely face charges.
Tazreen, in the Ashulia industrial district, supplied clothes to a variety of international brands including US giant Walmart, Dutch retailer C&A and ENYCE, a label owned by US rapper Sean "Diddy" Combs.
The factory's managing director Hossain and his wife, the chairwoman, were accused of breaching construction rules including building unsafe staircases in the nine-storey complex.