"If in Belgium they continue to eat chocolate, enjoy life and parade as great liberals and democrats while not taking account of the fact that some of the Muslims who are there are organising acts of terror, they will not be able to fight against them," Yisrael Katz told public radio.
Katz charged that not only European leaders but also US President Barack Obama had undermined the battle against jihadist violence with their unwillingness to define it as "Islamic terrorism".
Katz, who is also transport minister, is a member of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's right-wing Likud and widely seen as his principal rival within the party.
He has taken a hawkish position on the wave of violence that has rocked Israel and the Palestinian territories since October, calling for the families of Palestinians implicated in attacks to be sent to Hamas-ruled Gaza as a deterrent.
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On Tuesday, another Likud member -- Science, Technology and Space Minister Ofir Akunis -- lashed out at Europe after the Brussels bombings, accusing it of ignoring the danger of "Islamic terror cells" and focusing on criticising Israel instead.
"In this time, underneath the nose of the continent's citizens, thousands of extremist Islamic terror cells have grown."
Those comments drew a rebuke from Israeli opposition leader Isaac Herzog, who accused Akunis -- a Netanyahu ally -- of "miserable cynicism".