"The blast was inside his offices. The chief is not hurt," a senior police official at the headquarters in the Afghan capital told AFP after the explosion rocked the city.
The Taliban claimed responsibility via a recognised Twitter account, though it was unclear how the attack occurred or whether a suicide bomber was involved.
"We can confirm a blast inside Kabul police HQ, we don't have more details now," Najib Danish deputy police spokesman told AFP.
In the last major attack, four Afghan soldiers were killed and around a dozen people -- including six civilians -- wounded when a roadside bomb planted by the Taliban exploded on October 21.
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That blast was caused by a remote-controlled bomb targeting an Afghan army bus.
US-led NATO troops end their 13-year combat mission in Afghanistan next month, with about 12,500 soldiers due to stay on into next year on a training and support mission.
NATO troop numbers peaked at 130,000 in 2010, but now stand at less than 34,000.