The Boeing 737 belonging to Tatarstan Airlines crashed about 7:20 pm local time (2050 IST), an hour after taking off from Moscow. There were no immediate indications of the cause.
Reports said the plane appeared to lose altitude as it was making a second landing attempt, crashing and catching fire.
Kazan, a city of about 1.1 million and the capital of the Tatarstan republic, is about 720 kilometres east of Moscow. Weather in Kazan was reported to be light precipitation and winds of about 8 metres per second.
The ministry also released photographs from the nighttime crash scene showing parts of the aircraft and debris scattered across the ground.
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A journalist who said she had flown on the same aircraft from Kazan to Moscow's Domodedovo airport earlier in the day told Channel One state television that the landing in Moscow had been frightening because of a strong vibration during the final minutes of the flight.
Russia has seen a string of deadly crashes in recent years. Some have been blamed on the use of aging aircraft, but industry experts point to a number of other problems, including poor crew training, crumbling airports, lax government controls and widespread neglect of safety in the pursuit of profits.