Bone marrow fat may have untapped health benefits

Scientists have found that bone marrow fat secretes a hormone which is linked to reduced risk of diabetes, heart disease and cancer.
A University of Michigan-led study found that the fat tissue in bone marrow is a significant source of the hormone adiponectin, which helps maintain insulin sensitivity, break down fat, and has been linked to decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity-associated cancers.
Bone marrow adipose tissue has primarily been associated with negative health effects, most notably because of a documented relationship to reduced bone mass and increased risks of fractures and osteoporosis.
The new study - which included people with anorexia, patients undergoing chemotherapy, rabbits and mice - suggests that this type of fat may also have benefits.

"These findings are significant because we've found that bone marrow adipose tissue may have positive, protective roles, and influence adaptive functions outside of the bone tissue, at least during calorie restriction," said senior author Ormond MacDougald, the Faulkner Professor in the Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, a professor of internal medicine, a member of U-M's Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, and a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Cambridge in the UK.
Researchers have long studied the function of our fat, or 'adipose' tissue, in hopes of better understanding the link between obesity and ill health.

One possible link is adiponectin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue that helps preserve insulin action. High levels of adiponectin are linked to decreased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

People with obesity have the lowest levels of adiponectin - potentially increasing their risk for developing such diseases while the leaner someone gets, the more adiponectin they have.
An outstanding question in the field has been why adiponectin, which is produced by adipose tissue, increases as people lose body fat.
Previous research has focused on peripheral white adipose tissue, which has been believed to be the sole source of adiponectin.
The new study found however that bone marrow fat tissue - which increases as body weight falls - is a previously unrecognised source of adiponectin during calorie restriction.
The study found that both marrow adipose tissue and adiponectin increased in humans with anorexia, and in patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatment for ovarian or endometrial cancer.

Researchers next used mice to study what happens when marrow fat formation is blocked and also found a relationship between bone marrow adipose tissue and adiponectin, indicating that fat tissue in marrow can have effects beyond the bone.
The findings appear in the journal Cell Metabolism.