Lula was sentenced in July to 9.5 years behind bars after being convicted of corruption in Brazil's huge "Car Wash" graft scandal. The court in Porto Alegre said it will rule on his appeal January 24.
That could decide whether Lula can take part in October 2018 presidential elections in which he is currently the frontrunner.
Although experts say Lula may still manage to find ways to appeal further, a ruling against him would throw the already unusual race into further uncertainty.
A far right former army officer, Jair Bolsonaro, is in second place in recent polls.
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An appeals court spokesman told AFP that a three-judge panel would consider the case.
Lula's lawyer, Cristiano Zanin, told Folha de S. Paulo newspaper that the appeal had been dealt with in "record time" -- an indication of the pressure on the court to clarify the politically explosive situation.
The sentence followed Lula's conviction in a case where he was accused of benefiting from bribes from a major construction firm called OAS that were paid in the form of a luxury seaside apartment.
Lula was hugely popular during his 2003-2010 two-term presidency, but his reputation has been damaged by steep economic decline under his handpicked successor Dilma Rousseff, also from the leftist Workers' Party, and mammoth corruption revelations.
Investigators have revealed that swaths of political parties and politicians -- allegedly including current President Michel Temer, Lula and many others at the top -- took bribes from big Brazilian companies for years in exchange for help in getting them contracts.
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