The researchers looked at about 34,000 people in the UK, either born in 1958 or in 1970, and compared their social class at the age 33 or 34 with that of their fathers when they were children.
Among the study participants, those who had been breast-fed were more likely to have moved up the social hierarchy in adulthood, which the researchers defined as having a job of higher social status than their fathers.
While breast-feeding increased the chance of moving upward socially by 24 per cent, it also reduced the chance of sliding downward by 20 per cent, according to the study.
Breast-fed children in the study also had fewer signs of emotional stress, which could have contributed to their success later in the life, the study said.
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"Perhaps the combination of physical contact and the most appropriate nutrients required for growth and brain development is implicated in the better neurocognitive and adult outcomes of breast-fed infants," the researchers wrote in the journal Archives of Disease in Childhood.
In the study, researchers asked mothers of two large groups of people born 12 years apart whether they had breast-fed their children.
Social class was based on different categories of occupations, from unskilled and manual, to managerial and professional jobs.
The researchers measured children's cognitive performance and stress response every few years. They found that cognitive abilities and stress scores accounted for about a third of the total impact of breast-feeding.