In his keynote speech closing the party's annual conference, Cameron insisted the economy was turning a corner after years of austerity as he set out his goal of winning a majority in the 2015 general election.
He repeatedly attacked the "socialist" opposition Labour party, which he blames for creating Britain's record deficit while in office before 2010, and said that profit and tax cuts were no longer "dirty, elitist words".
"A country built on that enduring principle, seared in our hearts, that if you work hard, save, play by the rules and do your fair share -- then nothing should stand in your way."
Britain is three years into the Conservative-led coalition's programme of spending cuts, and finance minister George Osborne warned on Monday there would be no let up for years to come.
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But Cameron has seized on signs of recovery and his party's improved poll ratings to strike a more upbeat tone, painting a picture of a country where children are pushed hard at school and the jobless are helped "to stand on their own two feet".
He barely mentioned the Liberal Democrats, the Tories' junior coalition partners, although he said he would not be actively seeking to share government with them in 2015.
"When that election comes, we won't be campaigning for a coalition, we will be fighting head, heart and soul for a majority Conservative government -- because that's what the country needs," he said.
Instead Cameron focused on Labour with a string of bitter attacks, the most animated moments in an otherwise low-key address, suggesting Labour leader Ed Miliband's own policy-packed conference speech last week had hit a nerve.
Labour has tried to shift the debate from whether austerity works to whether economic growth will improve living standards, and Cameron acknowledged that "people have found it hard to make ends meet" since austerity bit.
But he insisted that supporting businesses to create jobs was the only solution.
"We know that profit, wealth creation, tax cuts, enterprise -- these are not dirty, elitist words. They're not the problem, they really are the solution," Cameron said.
The Conservatives have announced a raft of policies this week aimed at "hard-working people", including bringing forward a plan for the state to guarantee mortgages for people struggling to buy a home.