"I can announce Britain is sending the carrier HMS Illustrious to help with #TyphoonHaiyan," Cameron, who is heading to a Commonwealth summit in Sri Lanka, said on his official Twitter account.
Cameron said the total amount of British government aid for victims of the typhoon, which is believed to have killed thousands after it struck last Friday, was now in excess of 20 million pounds (USD 32 million).
Illustrious is currently on exercise in the Gulf and is expected to reach the Philippines by November 25, the British government said.
The carrier has seven helicopters -- three Lynx, three Sea Kings and one Merlin -- which will be used to distribute food and water, the British government.
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The ship, with a crew of 900, also has equipment for converting sea water to fresh water.
Cameron said Britain was also chartering a Russian Antonov aircraft to transport 100 tonnes of equipment for rubble clearance and for the handling of relief supplies at airfields.
Britain has already sent a Royal Air Force C-17 transport aircraft to help the aid effort.
Illustrious is the largest ship in the British navy with a displacement of 22,000 tonnes. It used to be a full aircraft carrier until Cameron's coalition government scrapped its fleet of Harrier jump jets.
The announcement from Cameron came soon after the United States Navy said its aircraft carrier the USS George Washington had arrived in the Philippines to aid the relief operation.