Ann Maguire, 61, who taught Spanish, suffered multiple stab wounds in the incident at Corpus Christi Catholic College in Leeds, northern England.
"A 15-year-old male was arrested in connection with this incident and has been interviewed under caution by police," Peter Mann of the Crown Prosecution Service said.
"Having carefully considered all of the evidence presented to us by West Yorkshire Police, we have concluded that there is sufficient evidence to charge this youth with the murder of Ann Maguire and that it is in the public interest to do so."
The youth will appear at Leeds Youth Court tomorrow and Leeds Crown Court for a bail hearing on Friday, the prosecution service said.
Violence at British schools has risen in recent years, and there has been growing concern over knife attacks involving teenagers.
But fatal attacks on teachers are extremely rare.