The theft of several small statues and the urn from a mountain shrine in the former royal city of Udong was discovered on Tuesday, according to national police spokesman Kirt Chantharith.
The relics are "very important" to Cambodians - the vast majority of whom are devout Buddhists, he added.
"Ninety per cent of our people follow Buddhism and respect the Buddha and the remains are those of the Buddha," Kirt Chantharith said.
The relics are believed to have been brought from Sri Lanka to Cambodia in the 1950s to mark the 2,500th anniversary of Buddha's birth.
In 2002, then king Norodom Sihanouk moved the relics from the capital Phnom Penh to Udong, some 45 kilometres from Phnom Penh - in a ceremony attended by tens of thousands of people.