After studying correspondence between Darwin and the then head of the Royal Natural History Museum Japetus Steenstrup, the museum realised that Darwin had gifted the Dane 77 different species of acorn barnacles in 1854.
"We had a little dream that we could find an item that Darwin had borrowed from Steenstrup - one we could positively say that Darwin had studied. But we ended up finding something much better," Hanne Strager, the head of exhibitions at the museum, said.
Strager uncovered the barnacles by coincidence when she was taking a look at the correspondence between the two scientists.
In a letter, Darwin mentioned the list of 77 barnacles - a list that was then found in Steenstrup's papers in the museum archives, the report said.
However, only 55 of the 77 species have been found. Most of the samples of one genus in particular are missing as a result, it is believed, of being lent out over the past 160 years.